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}}</ref> which led to the establishment of the Tropical Disease Initiative<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicaldisease.org/ |title=the Tropical Disease Initiative |publisher=Tropicaldisease.org |date=16 July 2009 |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref> and the Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria Consortium.<ref name="OpenWetWare" />
* Genomics – The term "open-source genomics" refers to the combination of rapid release of sequence data (especially raw reads) and crowdsourced analyses from bioinformaticians around the world that
|author=Rohde H
|title=Open-Source Genomic Analysis of Shiga-Toxin–Producing E. coli O104:H4
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The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing tension between creative practices that involve require access to content that is often [[copyright]]ed, and restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of copyright (particularly in the United States) and penalties, such as those articulated in the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA), placed on attempts to circumvent anti-piracy technologies.<ref name="copyright1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf |title=The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 |date = December 1998|author = US Copyright Office |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref>
Although artistic appropriation is often permitted under [[fair use|fair-use]] doctrines, the complexity and ambiguity of these doctrines
The idea of an "open-source" culture runs parallel to "[[Free Culture movement|Free Culture]]", but is substantively different. ''Free culture'' is a term derived from the [[free software movement]], and in contrast to that vision of culture, proponents of open-source culture (OSC) maintain that some intellectual property law needs to exist to protect cultural producers. Yet they propose a more nuanced position than corporations have traditionally sought. Instead of seeing intellectual property law as an expression of instrumental rules intended to uphold either natural rights or desirable outcomes, an argument for OSC takes into account diverse goods (as in "the Good life"{{clarify|date=April 2023}}) and ends.
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