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Line 49: [[File:Hwloc.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Memory hierarchy of an AMD Bulldozer server]] The number of levels in the memory hierarchy and the performance at each level has increased over time. The type of memory or storage components also change historically.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/\|title=Memory & Storage -– Timeline of Computer History -– Computer History Museum\|website=www.computerhistory.org}}</ref> For example, the memory hierarchy of an Intel Haswell Mobile<ref>{{cite web\|last=Crothers \|first=Brooke \|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57609045-37/dissecting-intels-top-graphics-in-apples-15-inch-macbook-pro/ \|title=Dissecting Intel's top graphics in Apple's 15-inch MacBook Pro -– CNET \|publisher=News.cnet.com \|access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref> processor circa 2013 is: * [[Processor register]]s – the fastest possible access (usually 1 CPU cycle). A few thousand bytes in size * [[CPU cache\|Cache]] Line 60: * [[Computer memory\|Main memory]] ([[Primary storage]]) – [[GiB]]{{cn\|reason=No source provided for IEC units, sources only use metric units like KB, MB, GB, etc\|date=May 2021}}{{Original research inline\|certain=y\|date=May 2021}} in size. Best access speed is around 10 GB/s.<ref name=sisd_qa_f_mem_hsw /> In the case of a [[Non-Uniform Memory Access\|NUMA]] machine, access times may not be uniform * [[Disk storage]] ([[Secondary storage]]) – [[Terabyte]]s in size. As of 2017, best access speed is from a consumer [[Solid-state drive\|solid state drive]] is about 2000 MB/s<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.storagereview.com/samsung_960_pro_m2_nvme_ssd_review\|title=Samsung 960 Pro M.2 NVMe SSD Review\|date=20 October 2016 \|publisher=storagereview.com\|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> * [[Nearline storage]] ([[Tertiary storage]]) – Up to [[exabytes]] in size. As of 2013, best access speed is about 160 MB/s<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.lto.org/technology/generations.html \|title=Ultrium -– LTO Technology -– Ultrium GenerationsLTO \|publisher=Lto.org \|access-date=2014-07-31 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727052050/http://www.lto.org/technology/generations.html \|archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> * [[Offline storage]]

Memory hierarchy: Difference between revisions