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=== Unfalsifiability ===
It has been argued that the ΛCDM model is built upon a foundation of [[conventionalism|conventionalist stratagems]], rendering it [[falsifiability|unfalsifiable]] in the sense defined by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.shpsb.2016.12.002| title=Cosmology and convention| journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics| volume=57| pages=41–52| year=2017| last1=Merritt| first1=David| arxiv=1703.02389| bibcode=2017SHPMP..57...41M| s2cid=119401938}}</ref>
=== Dark Energy may be weakening over time ===
In ΛCDM, Λ (the dark energy parameter), is a constant. However, observations by the [[Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument|DESI]] Collaboration published in 2025 indicate dark energy may be weakening. <ref name="e958">{{cite web | last=Collaboration | first=DESI | last2=Abdul-Karim | first2=M. | title=DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints | website=arXiv.org | date=2025-03-18 | url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.14738 | access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>
<ref name="p103">{{cite web | title=Mystery force behind the universe’s accelerating expansion may not be so constant after all | website=www.science.org | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/mystery-force-behind-universe-s-accelerating-expansion-may-not-be-so-constant-after-all | access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>
<ref name="e668">{{cite web | last=Castelvecchi | first=Davide | title=Is dark energy getting weaker? Fresh data bolster shock finding | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=2025-03-19 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00837-2 | access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>
<ref name="q800">{{cite web | title=New DESI Results Strengthen Hints That Dark Energy May Evolve | website=Berkeley Lab News Center | date=2025-03-19 | url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2025/03/19/new-desi-results-strengthen-hints-that-dark-energy-may-evolve/ | access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>
== Extended models ==
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