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→History: Added additional information and a source about Ada Lovelace and her significance to the creation of the first program. |
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[[Code-breaking]] algorithms have also existed for centuries. In the 9th century, the [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Arab mathematician]] [[Al-Kindi]] described a [[cryptographic]] algorithm for deciphering encrypted code, in ''A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages''. He gave the first description of [[cryptanalysis]] by [[frequency analysis]], the earliest code-breaking algorithm.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dooley |first1=John F. |title=A Brief History of Cryptology and Cryptographic Algorithms |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9783319016283 |pages=12–3}}</ref>
The first [[computer program]] is generally dated to 1843 when mathematician [[Ada Lovelace]] published an [[algorithm]] to calculate a sequence of [[Bernoulli numbers]], intended to be carried out by [[Charles Babbage]]'s [[Analytical Engine]].<ref name="IEEE">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fuegi | first1 = J. | last2 = Francis | first2 = J. | title = Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 'notes' | journal = IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 16 | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887}}</ref> The algorithm, which was conveyed through notes on a translation of Luigi Federico Menabrea's paper on the analytical engine was mainly conceived by Lovelace as can be discerned through her correspondence with Babbage. However, Charles Babbage himself had written a program for the AE in 1837.<ref name="IEEE2021">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rojas | first1 = R. | title = The Computer Programs of Charles Babbage | journal = IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–18 | year = 2021 | doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2020.3045717}}</ref><ref name="IEEE2024">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rojas | first1 = R. | title = The First Computer Program | journal = Communications of the ACM | volume = 67 | issue = 6 | pages = 78–81 | year = 2024 | doi = 10.1145/3624731| doi-access = free | url = https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/fub188/44090/1/3624731.pdf }}</ref> Lovelace was also the first to see a broader application for the analytical engine beyond mathematical calculations.
[[File:PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg|thumb|Data and instructions were once stored on external [[punched card]]s, which were kept in order and arranged in program decks.]]
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*{{Cite journal|last=Gürer|first=Denise|s2cid=6626310|date=1995|title=Pioneering Women in Computer Science|url=https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/06au/readings/p175-gurer.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/06au/readings/p175-gurer.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=38|issue=1|pages=45–54|doi=10.1145/204865.204875}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Erika E.|date=2013|title=Recognizing a Collective Inheritance through the History of Women in Computing|journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture |volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.7771/1481-4374.1972 |doi-access=free}}
*Essinger, J., & EBSCO Publishing (Firm). (2014). ''Ada's algorithm: How lord byron's daughter ada lovelace launched the digital age''. Melville House.
==Further reading==
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