Optical parametric oscillator: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:47, 11 April 2025

Revision as of 22:22, 7 May 2025

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==Quantum properties of the generated light beams==

[[File:OPO Crystals.jpg|thumb|300 px|right|[[Potassium titanyl phosphate|KTP]] crystals in an OPO]]

The OPO is the physical system most widely used to generate [[squeezed coherent states]] and [[Quantum entanglement|entangled]] states of light in the continuous variables regime. Many demonstrations of quantum information protocols for continuous variables were realized using OPOs.<ref> 5{{cite journal|author1=J. Jing |author2=J. Zhang |author3=Y. Yan |author4=F. Zhao |author5=C. Xie |author6=K. Peng |name-list-style=amp |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=90|page=167903|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.167903 |year=2003|title=Experimental Demonstration of Tripartite Entanglement and Controlled Dense Coding for Continuous Variables|issue=16|bibcode=2003PhRvL..90p7903J|arxiv = quant-ph/0210132 |pmid=12732011|s2cid=30991384 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=N. Takei |author2=H. Yonezawa |author3=T. Aoki |author4=A. Furusawa |name-list-style=amp |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=94|page=220502|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.220502 |year=2005|title=High-Fidelity Teleportation beyond the No-Cloning Limit and Entanglement Swapping for Continuous Variables|issue=22|bibcode=2005PhRvL..94v0502T|arxiv = quant-ph/0501086 |pmid=16090375|s2cid=2999038 }}</ref>

The [[Spontaneous parametric down conversion|downconversion]] process really occurs in the single photon regime: each pump photon that is annihilated inside the cavity gives rise to a pair of photons in the signal and idler intracavity modes. This leads to a [[quantum correlation]] between the intensities of signal and idler fields, so that there is squeezing in the subtraction of intensities,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=A. Heidmann |author2=R. J. Horowicz |author3=S. Reynaud |author4=E. Giacobino |author5=C. Fabre |author6=G. Camy |name-list-style=amp |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=59|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2555 |pmid=10035582 |year=1987|title=Observation of Quantum Noise Reduction on Twin Laser Beams|issue=22|pages=2555–2557 |bibcode=1987PhRvL..59.2555H}}</ref> which motivated the name "twin beams" for the downconverted fields. The highest squeezing level attained to date is 12.7&nbsp;dB.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eberle | first1 = T. | last2 = Steinlechner | first2 = S. | last3 = Bauchrowitz | first3 = J. | last4 = Händchen | first4 = V. | last5 = Vahlbruch | first5 = H. | last6 = Mehmet | first6 = M. | last7 = Müller-Ebhardt | first7 = H. | last8 = Schnabel | first8 = R. | year = 2010 | title = Quantum Enhancement of the Zero-Area Sagnac Interferometer Topology for Gravitational Wave Detection | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 104 | issue = 25| page = 251102 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.251102 | bibcode=2010PhRvL.104y1102E|arxiv = 1007.0574 | pmid=20867358| s2cid = 9929939 }}</ref>

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It turns out that the phases of the twin beams are quantum correlated as well, leading to [[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]], theoretically predicted in 1988.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=M. D. Reid |author2=P. D. Drummond |name-list-style=amp |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=60|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2731 |year=1988|title=Quantum Correlations of Phase in Nondegenerate Parametric Oscillation|issue=26|pages=2731–2733 |bibcode=1988PhRvL..60.2731R |pmid=10038437}}</ref> Below threshold, entanglement was measured for the first time in 1992,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Z. Y. Ou |author2=S. F. Pereira |author3=H. J. Kimble |author4=K. C. Peng |name-list-style=amp |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=68|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.3663 |year=1992|title=Realization of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox for continuous variables|issue=25|pages=3663–3666 |bibcode=1992PhRvL..68.3663O |pmid=10045765|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/6493/1/OUZprl92.pdf}}</ref> and in 2005 above threshold.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=A. S. Villar |author2=L. S. Cruz |author3=K. N. Cassemiro |author4=M. Martinelli |author5=P. Nussenzveig |name-list-style=amp |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=95|page=243603|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.243603 |year=2005|title=Generation of Bright Two-Color Continuous Variable Entanglement|issue=24|bibcode=2005PhRvL..95x3603V|arxiv = quant-ph/0506139 |pmid=16384378|s2cid=13815567 }}</ref>

Above threshold, the pump beam depletion makes it sensitive to the quantum phenomena happening inside the crystal. The first measurement of squeezing in the pump field after parametric interaction was done in 1997.<ref name="KasaiJiangrui1997">{{cite journal|last1=Kasai|first1=K|last2=Jiangrui|first2=Gao|last3=Fabre|first3=C|title=Observation of squeezing using cascaded nonlinearity|journal=Europhysics Letters (EPL)|volume=40|issue=1|year=1997|pages=25–30|issn=0295-5075|doi=10.1209/epl/i1997-00418-8|bibcode=1997EL.....40...25K|citeseerx=10.1.1.521.1373|s2cid=250806511}}</ref>

It has been recently predicted that all three fields (pump, signal and idler) must be entangled,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=A. S. Villar |author2=M. Martinelli |author3=C Fabre |author4=P. Nussenzveig |name-list-style=amp |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=97|page=140504|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.140504 |year=2006|title=Direct Production of Tripartite Pump-Signal-Idler Entanglement in the Above-Threshold Optical Parametric Oscillator|issue=14|bibcode=2006PhRvL..97n0504V|arxiv = quant-ph/0610062 |pmid=17155232|s2cid=37328629 }}</ref> a prediction which was experimentally demonstrated by the same group.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Coelho | first1 = A. S. | last2 = Barbosa | first2 = F. A. S. | last3 = Cassemiro | first3 = K. N. | last4 = Villar | first4 = A. S. | last5 = Martinelli | first5 = M. | last6 = Nussenzveig | first6 = P. | year = 2009 | title = Three-Color Entanglement | url = https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1178683 | journal = Science | volume = 326 | issue = 5954| pages = 823–826 | doi=10.1126/science.1178683| pmid = 19762598 |arxiv = 1009.4250 |bibcode = 2009Sci...326..823C | s2cid = 29660274 }}</ref>