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{{short description|Common human medical data ranges for blood test results}}
{{Reference ranges}}
'''Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests''' are sets of values used by a [[health professional]] to interpret a set of [[medical test]] results from blood samples. [[Reference range]]s for [[blood test]]s are studied within the field of [[clinical chemistry]] (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of [[pathology]] that is generally concerned with analysis of [[bodily fluids]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miri-Dashe |first1=Timzing |last2=Osawe |first2=Sophia |last3=Tokdung |first3=Monday |last4=Daniel |first4=Nenbammun |last5=Choji |first5=Rahila Pam |last6=Mamman |first6=Ille |last7=Deme |first7=Kurt |last8=Damulak |first8=Dapus |last9=Abimiku |first9=Alash'le |title=Comprehensive reference ranges for hematology and clinical chemistry laboratory parameters derived from normal Nigerian adults |journal=
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reference Ranges and What They Mean|url=http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|publisher=Lab Tests Online (USA)|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828020717/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Interpretation==
A [[reference range]] is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% [[prediction interval]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Je_pJfb2r0cC&pg=PA19 Page 19] in: {{cite book |author=Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard |title=Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |___location=Philadelphia |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-443-10186-1 }}</ref> It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=James C. |title=Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits: populations, intervals, and interpretations |journal=Asian Journal of Andrology |date=January 2010 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=83–90 |doi=10.1038/aja.2009.9 |
===Plasma or whole blood===
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* [[International unit]]s (IU) are based on measured [[biological activity]] or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Enzyme activity]] ([[katal|kat]]) is commonly used for e.g. [[liver function test]]s like [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]], [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[lactate dehydrogenase|LD]] and [[Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase|γ-GT]] in Sweden.<ref name=uppsala/>
* [[Percentage]]s and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for [[beta cell]] function in [[Homeostatic model assessment|homeostasis model assessment]] or [[thyroid's secretory capacity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Nathan R. |last2=Levy |first2=Jonathan C. |last3=Matthews |first3=David R. |title=Expansion of the Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance to Enable Clinical Trial Outcome Modeling Through the Interactive Adjustment of Physiology and Treatment Effects: iHOMA2 |journal=Diabetes Care |date=11 July 2013 |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=2324–2330 |doi=10.2337/dc12-0607 |pmid=23564921 |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/36/8/2324/33141/Expansion-of-the-Homeostasis-Model-Assessment-of |issn=0149-5992}}</ref>
===Arterial or venous===
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