Webcam model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:32, 13 May 2025

Revision as of 21:05, 22 May 2025

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==Legal issues and risks==

===Laws===

Due to the controversial nature of pornography, camming, like most sex work, is not considered a legitimate form of labor in most [[Developed country|developed countries]]. As a result, cam models do not receive the same benefits and rights as other employees since they are technically [[independent contractor]]s. This offers cam models some freedom not offered to other laborers but prevents them from demanding better treatment from the websites that host them. However, in-person sex work is treated more harshly since it is illegal in many Western countries, including the [[United States]]. Camming is considered slightly different, since it is considered pornography as a virtue of being filmed.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Azhar, Dasgupta, Sinha & Karandikar|first=Sameena, Satarupa, Sunny & Sharvari|date=March 25, 2020|title=Diversity in Sex Work in India: Challenging Stereotypes Regarding Sex Workers|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09719-3|journal=Sexuality & Culture|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1774–1797|doi=10.1007/s12119-020-09719-3|s2cid=216299163|via=Springer Link|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106234650/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09719-3|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Regulation would be beneficial{{According to whom|date=October 2024}} to camming, since it would prevent cam models from being exploited for their labor. However, regulation could also potentially take away cam models' independence, such as sexual freedom and bodily autonomy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Barrett-Ibarria|first=Sofia|date=2020-01-14|title=Cam girl reality: an enticing illusion leaves many models poor and defeated|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/14/cam-girl-webcamming-porn-industry|access-date=2021-05-12|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513005312/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/14/cam-girl-webcamming-porn-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> Although in-person sex work such as prostitution can be regulated by policing the streets, online sex work is hard to regulate, due to anonymity, and risk of encroaching on content that is risqué, but not necessarily pornographic.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sanders|first1=Teela|title=Policing Online Sex Markets|date=2017-09-19|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_5|work=Internet Sex Work|pages=121–151|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-65629-8|access-date=2021-12-24|last2=Scoular|first2=Jane|last3=Campbell|first3=Rosie|last4=Pitcher|first4=Jane|last5=Cunningham|first5=Stewart|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_5|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327180530/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_5|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In a study on sex work in [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]] where a specific district decriminalized sex work while its surround districts did not, researchers found that anti-prostitution laws decreased the use of [[condom]]s, which in effect increased the transmission of [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted diseases]] such as [[HIV]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Lisa|last2=Seager|first2=Jennifer|last3=Shah|first3=Manisha|date=2020-09-26|title=Crimes Against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work*|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa032|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=136|issue=1|pages=427–469|doi=10.1093/qje/qjaa032|issn=0033-5533|access-date=2022-01-06|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327180451/https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/136/1/427/5912394?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|hdl=10419/227311|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==== China ====

In accordance with the 1997 penal code, [[Pornography in China|pornography is illegal]] in [[China]]. The law only permits educational or artistic depictions of sexual intercourse. Historically, the law is not interpreted by the government to include pornography under the umbrella of art.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-29|title=China's Pornography Laws Are a Backdoor for Censorship|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/29/chinas-pornography-laws-are-backdoor-censorship|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213103701/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/29/chinas-pornography-laws-are-backdoor-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref> As such, camming faces strict regulation on the internet in contrast to Western countries, where its legal distinction protects it from prostitution. However, camming can also be a form of solace for sex workers since it allows them to escape online where they can avoid persecution for their profession.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tsang|first1=Eileen Yuk-ha|last2=Lowe|first2=John|date=2019-05-12|title=Sex Work and the Karmic Wheel: How Buddhism Influences Sex Work in China|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19847437|journal=International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology|volume=63|issue=13|pages=2356–2377|doi=10.1177/0306624x19847437|pmid=31081394|s2cid=153285795|issn=0306-624X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

China has planned to extend anti-camming laws to [[ASMR]]. The Chinese government claims that ASMR constitutes pornography, but Chinese ASMR content creators dispute this, arguing that pornographic ASMR represents a different category from non-sexual ASMR.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Starr|first1=Rebecca Lurie|last2=Wang|first2=Tianxiao|last3=Go|first3=Christian|date=2020-02-18|title=Sexuality vs. sensuality: The multimodal construction of affective stance in Chinese ASMR performances*|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josl.12410|journal=Journal of Sociolinguistics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=492–513|doi=10.1111/josl.12410|s2cid=214335253|issn=1360-6441|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== India ====

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==== Philippines ====

Sex work is illegal in the [[Philippines]], but enforcement of the law is not strict such that it is quite commonplace. There is a perception that Filipino sex workers are victims of [[human trafficking]], but this isn't always the case. Camming, in particular, is usually consensual and not always explicitly sexual, likening it more to performance than pornography.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mathews|first=Paul William|date=2017-03-21|title=Cam Models, Sex Work, and Job Immobility in the Philippines|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2017.1293835|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=23|issue=3|pages=160–183|doi=10.1080/13545701.2017.1293835|s2cid=151998282|issn=1354-5701|access-date=2022-01-06|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327180527/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13545701.2017.1293835|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====

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Another issue faced by cam models is that viewers may record streams or images of the model without their consent and then redistribute them on pornography websites. In addition to taking away the model's ability to choose where their content is shown, unauthorized use has been likened to theft of the model's property, since the porn site will earn money from the video and not the cam model.<ref name="auto"/>

Sex workers have formed support groups where sex workers may give each other advice and possibly cope with harassment and marginalization. The word "camily", a [[portmanteau]] of "cam" and "family", refers to communities formed by sex workers to help deal with such issues.<ref>{{Citation|last=Jones|first=Angela|title=We Are Camily|date=2020-02-18|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842964.003.0007|work=Camming|pages=134–152|publisher=NYU Press|doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479842964.003.0007|isbn=9781479842964|s2cid=241706061|access-date=2021-12-24|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327181040/http://mr.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479842964.003.0007|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Incidents===

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|doi=10.1086/686758

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|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/686758}}|url-access=subscription

}}

* {{cite book |last1=Jade |first1=Jasmine |title=Camgirl Manual |date=2015 |publisher=Metal Motion Productions Incorporated |isbn=9780993608704 |language=en}}

* {{cite book |last1=Senft |first1=Theresa M. |title=Camgirls: Celebrity and Community in the Age of Social Networks |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=9780820456942 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9w-XY_gU2gC |language=en}}