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Massimo Persic and Paolo Salucci<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Persic|first1=M.|last2=Salucci|first2=P.|date=1992-09-01|title=The baryon content of the Universe|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=258|issue=1|pages=14P–18P|doi=10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P|arxiv=astro-ph/0502178|bibcode=1992MNRAS.258P..14P |issn=0035-8711|doi-access=free}}</ref> first estimated the baryonic density today present in ellipticals, spirals, groups and clusters of galaxies.
They performed an integration of the baryonic mass-to-light ratio over luminosity (in the following <math display="inline"> M_{\rm b}/L </math>), weighted with the luminosity function <math display="inline">\phi(L)</math> over the previously mentioned classes of astrophysical objects:
<math display="block">\rho_{\rm b} = \sum \int L\phi(L) \frac{M_{\rm b}}{L} \, dL.</math>
The result was:
<math display="block"> \Omega_{\rm b}=\Omega_*+\Omega_\text{gas}=2.2\times10^{-3}+1.5\times10^{-3}\;h^{-1.3}\simeq0.003 ,</math>
where <math> h\simeq 0.72 </math>.
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