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=== Brain pathways and hierarchy ===
Several areas of the brain contribute to hierarchical behavior in animals. One of the areas that has been linked with this behavior is the [[prefrontal cortex]], a region involved with decision making and social behavior. High social rank in a hierarchical group of mice has been associated with increased excitability in the medial prefrontal cortex of pyramidal [[neuron]]s, the primary excitatory cell type of the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=F. |last2=Zhu |first2=J. |last3=Zhu |first3=H. |last4=Zhang |first4=Q. |last5=Lin |first5=Z. |last6=Hu |first6=H. |s2cid=15173160 |date=2011-11-04 |title=Bidirectional Control of Social Hierarchy by Synaptic Efficacy in Medial Prefrontal Cortex |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6056 |pages=693–697 |doi=10.1126/science.1209951 |pmid=21960531 |issn=0036-8075 |bibcode=2011Sci...334..693W}}</ref> High ranking macaques have a larger rostral prefrontal cortex in large social groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sallet |first1=J. |last2=Mars |first2=R. B. |last3=Noonan |first3=M. P. |last4=Andersson |first4=J. L. |last5=O'Reilly |first5=J. X. |last6=Jbabdi |first6=S. |last7=Croxson |first7=P. L. |last8=Jenkinson |first8=M. |last9=Miller |first9=K. L. |last10=Rushworth |first10=M. F. S. |display-authors=3 |s2cid=206536017 |date=2011-11-04 |title=Social Network Size Affects Neural Circuits in Macaques |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6056 |pages=697–700 |doi=10.1126/science.1210027 |bibcode=2011Sci...334..697S |pmid=22053054}}</ref> [[Neuroimaging]] studies with computer stimulated hierarchal conditions showed increased activity in the [[ventral]] and [[dorsolateral]] prefrontal cortex, one processing judgment cues and the other processing status of an individual. Other studies have determined that lesions to the prefrontal cortex (when the area is severed to disrupt functioning to observe its role in behavior) led to deficits in processing social hierarchy cues, suggesting this area is important in regulating this information.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The mouse that roared: neural mechanisms of social hierarchy |vauthors=Wang F, Kessels HW, Hu H |date=2014 |oclc=931061361}}</ref> Although the prefrontal cortex has been implicated, there are other downstream targets of the prefrontal cortex that have also been linked in maintaining this behavior. This includes the [[amygdala]] through lesion studies in rats and primates which led to disruption in hierarchy, and can affect the individual negatively or positively depending on the subnuclei that is targeted. Additionally, the dorsal medial PFC-medial dorsal [[thalamus]] connection has been linked with maintenance of rank in mice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Tingting |last2=Zhu |first2=Hong |last3=Fan |first3=Zhengxiao |last4=Wang |first4=Fei |last5=Chen |first5=Yang |last6=Liang |first6=Hexing |last7=Yang |first7=Zhongfei |last8=Zhang |first8=Lu |last9=Lin |first9=Longnian |last10=Zhan |first10=Yang |last11=Wang |first11=Zheng |display-authors=3 |date=14 July 2017 |title=History of winning remodels thalamo-PFC circuit to reinforce social dominance |journal=Science |volume=357 |issue=6347 |pages=162–168 |doi=10.1126/science.aak9726 |pmid=28706064 |bibcode=2017Sci...357..162Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another area that has been associated is the [[dorsal raphe nucleus]], the primary [[Serotonin|serotonergic]] nuclei (a neurotransmitter involved with many behaviors including reward and learning). In manipulation studies of this region, there were changes in fighting and affiliative behavior in primates and crustaceans.<ref name=":0"/>
== In specific groups ==
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