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{{short description|Punctuation marks (¿ and ¡)}}
{{redirect2|¡|¿|text=Not to be confused with [[Temherte slaq]], [[Sublingual consonant]], [[i]], or [[İ]]. For "?", see [[Question mark]]. For "!", see [[Exclamation mark]]}}
{{Infobox punctuation mark|mark=¿ ¡
|name=Upside-down question mark<br />Upside-down exclamation mark
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{{unichar|00A1|Inverted exclamation mark}}
}}
The '''upside-down''' (also '''inverted''', '''turned''' or '''rotated''') '''question mark''' {{char|¿}} and '''exclamation mark''' {{char|¡}} are [[punctuation]] marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences or clauses in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and some languages that have cultural ties with Spain, such as [[Asturian language|Asturian]] and [[Waray language|Waray]].<ref>{{cite book|last=
Upside-down marks are supported by various standards, including [[ISO/IEC 8859-1|ISO-8859-1]], [[Unicode]], and [[SGML entity|HTML]]. They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish-speaking countries.
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The upside-down question mark {{char|¿}} is written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows. It is a rotated form of the standard symbol "?" recognized by speakers of other languages written with the [[Latin script]]. A regular question mark is written at the end of the sentence or clause.
Upside-down punctuation is especially critical in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] since the syntax of the language means that both statements and questions or exclamations could have the same wording.<ref name="Rosetta">{{cite web|last=Galavitz |first=Rowena |date=September 5, 2019 |title=What's Up With The Upside Down Question Mark? |url=https://blog.rosettastone.com/whats-up-with-the-upside-down-question-mark/ |website=[[Rosetta Stone Inc.]] |access-date=
In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol upside-down question mark, for example: {{lang|es|"Si no puedes ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?"|italic=yes}} ("If you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?"), not *{{lang|es|"¿Si no puedes ir con ellos, quieres ir con nosotros?"|italic=yes}} This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences.
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==History==
Upside-down marks, simple in the era of hand typesetting, were originally recommended by the {{Lang|es|[[Royal Spanish Academy|Real Academia Española]]}} (Royal Spanish Academy), in the second edition of the {{lang|es|Ortografía de la lengua castellana}} (Orthography of the Castilian language) in 1754<ref>{{cite web|title=Ediciones de la Ortografía Académica|trans-title=Editions of the Academic Orthography |url=http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Tabla_ediciones_Ortografia.pdf|publisher=[[Real Academia Española]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617020907/https://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Tabla_ediciones_Ortografia.pdf|archive-date=June 17, 2023|access-date=May 22, 2017}}</ref> recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish—e.g. {{lang|es|"¿Cuántos años tienes?"|italic=yes}} ("How old are you?"; {{lit|How many years do you have?|}}). The Real Academia also ordered the same upside-down-symbol system for statements of exclamation, using the symbols "¡" and "!".
These new rules were slow to be adopted: there are 19th-century books in which the printer uses neither "¡" nor "¿".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carrithers|first1=Michael|last2=Candea|first2=Matei|last3=Sykes|first3=Karen|last4=Holbraad|first4=Martin|last5=Venkatesan|first5=Soumya|date=May 28, 2010|title=Ontology is just another word for culture |url=https://archive.today/20250626220935/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0308275X09364070|url-access=subscription|website=[[Critique of Anthropology]]|publisher=[[Sage Journals]]|archive-url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275x09364070|archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=June 26, 2025}}</ref>
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==Adoption==
Some writers omit the upside-down question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as: {{lang|es|"Quién viene?"|italic=yes}} ("Who comes?"). This is the criterion in [[Galician language|Galician]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Normas ortográficas e morfolóxicas do idioma galego |trans-title=Orthographic rules and morphology of the Galician language |publisher=[[Royal Galician Academy|Real Academia Galega]] |isbn=978-84-87987-78-6 |page=27 |edition=23ª |chapter-url=https://www.lingua.gal/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=1647069&name=DLFE-10938.pdff |access-date=
Some Spanish-language writers, among them Nobel laureate [[Pablo Neruda]] (1904–1973), refuse to use the upside-down question mark.<ref>
==Mixtures== <!-- Courtesy note per [{WP:RSECT]]: [[Interrobang#Inverted interrobang]] links here. -->
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* [[Spanish orthography]]
==
{{Reflist}}
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