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# Absence of natural convection: On Earth, density differences in fluids due to temperature gradients drive [[natural convection]]. In microgravity, this effect is negligible, leading to diffusion-dominated heat and mass transfer.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044508-3.X5000-2 |title=Fluids, Materials and Microgravity |date=2004 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044508-3 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-044508-3.x5000-2}}</ref>
# Surface tension dominance: Without the overwhelming force of gravity, [[surface tension]] becomes a dominant force in fluid behavior, significantly affecting liquid spreading and containment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Myshkis |first=A. D. |url=http://archive.org/details/lowgravityfluidm0000mysh |title=Low-Gravity Fluid Mechanics: Mathematical |date=1987-06-02 |publisher=Springer |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-3-540-16189-9}}</ref>
# Particle suspension: In low-gravity environments, particles in fluids remain suspended for extended periods, as [[sedimentation]] and [[buoyancy]] effects are minimal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Todd |first=P. |date=1989-08-02 |title=Gravity-dependent phenomena at the scale of the single cell
=== Effects of low-gravity conditions on various physical processes ===
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# Automation and remote operation: Many processes must be designed for [[Autonomous robot|autonomous]] or remote operation due to limited human presence in space environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheridan |first=T.B. |date=October 1993 |title=Space teleoperation through time delay: review and prognosis |journal=IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=592–606 |doi=10.1109/70.258052}}</ref>
# Reliability and redundancy: The inaccessibility of space environments demands highly reliable systems with built-in [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancies]] to mitigate potential failures.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://isulibrary.isunet.edu/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10279 |title=Space Safety and Human Performance |date=2017-11-10 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0-08-101869-9 |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Microgravity-specific mechanisms: Equipment must often incorporate novel mechanisms to replace gravity-dependent functions, such as pumps for fluid transport or [[centrifuge]]s for separation processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwartzkopf |first=S. H. |date=1992 |title=Design of a controlled ecological life support system: regenerative technologies are necessary for implementation in a lunar base CELSS
# Multi-functionality: Due to resource constraints, equipment is often designed to serve multiple purposes, increasing complexity but reducing overall payload requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menezes |first1=Amor A. |last2=Cumbers |first2=John |last3=Hogan |first3=John A. |last4=Arkin |first4=Adam P. |date=2015-01-06 |title=Towards synthetic biological approaches to resource utilization on space missions |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |language=en |volume=12 |issue=102 |pages=20140715 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2014.0715 |issn=1742-5689 |pmc=4277073 |pmid=25376875}}</ref>
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Microgravity conditions offer unique advantages for various [[biotechnology]] applications.
[[Protein crystallization]] in space often results in larger, more well-ordered crystals compared to those grown on Earth. These high-quality crystals are valuable for [[structural biology]] studies and drug design.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeLucas |first1=L. J. |last2=Smith |first2=C. D. |last3=Smith |first3=H. W. |last4=Vijay-Kumar |first4=S. |last5=Senadhi |first5=S. E. |last6=Ealick |first6=S. E. |last7=Carter |first7=D. C. |last8=Snyder |first8=R. S. |last9=Weber |first9=P. C. |last10=Salemme |first10=F. R. |date=1989-11-03 |title=Protein crystal growth in microgravity
[[Cell culturing in open microfluidics|Cell culturing]] and tissue engineering benefit from the reduced mechanical stresses in microgravity. This environment allows for [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] cell growth and the formation of tissue-like structures that more closely resemble [[in vivo]] conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grimm |first1=Daniela |last2=Wehland |first2=Markus |last3=Pietsch |first3=Jessica |last4=Aleshcheva |first4=Ganna |last5=Wise |first5=Petra |last6=van Loon |first6=Jack |last7=Ulbrich |first7=Claudia |last8=Magnusson |first8=Nils E. |last9=Infanger |first9=Manfred |last10=Bauer |first10=Johann |date=2014-04-04 |title=Growing tissues in real and simulated microgravity: new methods for tissue engineering |journal=Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=555–566 |doi=10.1089/ten.TEB.2013.0704 |issn=1937-3376 |pmc=4241976 |pmid=24597549}}</ref> Such studies contribute to our understanding of [[Cell biology|cellular biology]] and may lead to advancements in [[regenerative medicine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Jeanne L. |last2=Souza |first2=Glauco R. |date=2013-04-12 |title=Using space-based investigations to inform cancer research on Earth |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc3507 |journal=Nature Reviews Cancer |language=en |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=315–327 |doi=10.1038/nrc3507 |pmid=23584334 |issn=1474-1768|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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