Commercial Crew Program: differenze tra le versioni

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[[File:Boeing's Starliner crew ship approaches the space station (iss067e066735) (cropped).jpg|thumb|La Starliner crew nella missione Orbital Flight Test-2 in avvicinamento alla stazione spaziale]]

Il 2 marzo 2019 si è svolta la [[SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo 1|prima missione dimostrativa]] senza equipaggio della [[Crew Dragon]]<ref name="planetary-1">{{cita web|cognome=Davis|nome=Jason|titolo=Crew Dragon Safely on the Way to International Space Station|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/crew-dragon-launches.html|editore=[[The Planetary Society]]|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521101617/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/crew-dragon-launches.html|data=2 marzo 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>, nella quale la navetta di [[SpaceX]] ha attraccato con successo alla [[stazione spaziale internazionale|stazione spaziale]] ed è tornata a Terra sei giorni dopo il lancio<ref name="spacecom-7">{{cita web|cognome=Malik|nome=Tariq|titolo=SpaceX's Crew Dragon Looks Just Like a Toasted Marshmallow After Fiery Re-Entry|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-looks-like-toasted-marshmallow.html|editore=[[Space.com]]|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521101712/https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-looks-like-toasted-marshmallow.html|data=8 marzo 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="cnn-2">{{cita web|cognome=Wattles|nome=Jackie|titolo=SpaceX Crew Dragon, built to carry humans, returns home from ISS|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/08/tech/spacex-crew-dragon-return-demo-mission/index.html|editore=[[CNN]]|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521101656/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/08/tech/spacex-crew-dragon-return-demo-mission/index.html|data=8 marzo 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>. La navetta è stata tuttavia distrutta ad aprileeaprile 2019 durante un test, a causa di un malfunzionamento ai propulsori [[SuperDraco]], causando ulteriori ritardi ai successivi voli della Crew Dragon<ref name="forbes-1">{{cita web|cognome=O'Callaghan|nome=Jonathan|titolo=SpaceX's Crew Dragon Suffers 'Anomaly' And May Have Exploded During A Test|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2019/04/22/spacexs-crew-dragon-suffers-anomaly-and-may-have-exploded-during-a-test/#73cec3643b20|editore=[[Forbes]]|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521101029/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2019/04/22/spacexs-crew-dragon-suffers-anomaly-and-may-have-exploded-during-a-test/|data=22 aprile 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="spacecom-8">{{cita web|cognome=Wall|nome=Mike|titolo=SpaceX Crew Dragon Accident Another Bump in the Road for Commercial Crew|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-accident-nasa-commercial-crew.html|editore=[[Space.com]]|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521101033/https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-accident-nasa-commercial-crew.html|data=21 aprile 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica-3">{{cita web|cognome=Berger|nome=Eric|titolo=Dragon was destroyed just before the firing of its SuperDraco thrusters|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/05/dragon-was-destroyed-just-before-the-firing-of-its-superdraco-thrusters/|editore=[[Ars Technica]]|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521100701/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/05/dragon-was-destroyed-just-before-the-firing-of-its-superdraco-thrusters/|data=3 maggio 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>. Anche le missioni dimostrative [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test]] e [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test]] sono state rinviate alla fine del 2019 per problemi al [[Launch Escape System|sistema di abbandono del lancio]] di [[CST-100 Starliner|Starliner]]<ref name="spacenews-7">{{cita web|cognome=Foust|nome=Jeff|titolo=Boeing delays Starliner uncrewed test flight after abort engine test problem|url=https://spacenews.com/boeing-delays-starliner-uncrewed-test-flight-after-abort-engine-test-problem/|editore=[[SpaceNews]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://archive.today/20200525022325/https://spacenews.com/boeing-delays-starliner-uncrewed-test-flight-after-abort-engine-test-problem/|data=2 agosto 2018|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider-1">{{cita web|cognome=Mosher|nome=Dave|titolo=Leaky valves on Boeing's new spacecraft are increasing the risk that NASA astronauts could lose access to the space station|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/boeing-starliner-fuel-leak-risks-nasa-access-iss-2018-8|editore=[[Business Insider]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525022340/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/boeing-starliner-fuel-leak-risks-nasa-access-iss-2018-8|data=3 agosto 2018|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="reuters-1">{{cita web|cognome=Johnson|nome=Eric M.|titolo=Boeing delays by months test flights for U.S. human space program: sources|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-boeing/boeing-delays-by-months-test-flights-for-u-s-human-space-program-sources-idUSKCN1R12QR|editore=[[Reuters]]|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521091824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-boeing/boeing-delays-by-months-test-flights-for-u-s-human-space-program-sources-idUSKCN1R12QR|data=21 marzo 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="astronomy-1">{{cita web|cognome=Haynes|nome=Korey|titolo=Boeing's Starliner test flight delayed by months|url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/03/boeings-starliner-test-flight-may-be-delayed-by-months|editore=Astronomy|accesso=21 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521091807/http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/03/boeings-starliner-test-flight-may-be-delayed-by-months|data=21 marzo 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="floridatoday-3">{{cita web|cognome=Joy|nome=Rachel|titolo=Boeing readies 'astronaut' for likely October test launch|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2019/08/02/boeing-readies-astronaut-test-launch/1867717001/|editore=[[Florida Today]]|accesso=21 agosto 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821121907/https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2019/08/02/boeing-readies-astronaut-test-launch/1867717001/|data=2 agosto 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>.

Il test del sistema di abbandono del lancio di [[CST-100 Starliner|Starliner]], [[Boeing Pad Abort Test]], è stato concluso a novembre 2019, anche se non è stato privo di intoppi<ref name="spacecom-9">{{cita web|cognome=Bartels|nome=Meghan|titolo=Boeing Tests Starliner Spacecraft's Launch Abort System for Rocket Emergencies|url=https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-pad-abort-test-success.html|editore=[[Space.com]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525024704/https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-pad-abort-test-success.html|data=4 novembre 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="techcrunch-2">{{cita web|cognome=Etherington|nome=Darrell|titolo=Boeing's Starliner crew spacecraft launch pad abort test is a success|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/04/boeings-starliner-crew-spacecraft-launch-pad-abort-test-is-a-success/|editore=[[TechCrunch]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://archive.today/20200525025002/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/04/boeings-starliner-crew-spacecraft-launch-pad-abort-test-is-a-success/|data=5 novembre 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>. Questo tipo di test verifica il sistema di sicurezza che distacca e allontana la navetta dal lanciatore in caso di anomalie pericolose. Dopo l'allontanamento, la navetta atterra tramite [[paracadute]]. Durante il test, [[CST-100 Starliner|Starliner]] ha attivato i propulsori dedicati a questa manovra, ma uno dei tre [[paracadute]] non si è aperto correttamente. La NASA ha comunque valutato positivamente la prova, in quanto il sistema di atterraggio deve essere progettato per atterrare con soli due paracadute<ref name="spacenews-8">{{cita web|cognome=Foust|nome=Jeff|titolo=Missing pin blamed for Boeing pad abort parachute anomaly|url=https://spacenews.com/missing-pin-blamed-for-boeing-pad-abort-parachute-anomaly/|editore=[[SpaceNews]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://archive.today/20200525024720/https://spacenews.com/missing-pin-blamed-for-boeing-pad-abort-parachute-anomaly/|data=7 novembre 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="spaceflightnow-2">{{cita web|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen|titolo=Boeing identifies cause of chute malfunction, preps for Starliner launch|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/07/boeing-identifies-cause-of-chute-malfunction-continues-preps-for-first-starliner-launch/|editore=Spaceflight Now|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525025000/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/07/boeing-identifies-cause-of-chute-malfunction-continues-preps-for-first-starliner-launch/|data=7 novembre 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>. La prima missione dimostrativa senza equipaggio, chiamata [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test]], ha sofferto di problemi al software della navetta che hanno precluso il previsto attracco alla stazione spaziale e ha causato l'interruzione della missione<ref name="newyorktimes-2">{{cita web|cognome=Chang|nome=Kenneth|titolo=Boeing Starliner Ends Up in Wrong Orbit After Clock Problem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/science/boeing-starliner-launch.html|editore=[[The New York Times]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525030557/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/science/boeing-starliner-launch.html|data=20 dicembre 2019|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="spacecom-10">{{cita web|cognome=Weitering|nome=Hanneke|titolo=Boeing's 2nd Starliner software glitch could have led to an in-space collision|url=https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-2nd-software-glitch-potential-collision.html|editore=[[Space.com]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525031143/https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-2nd-software-glitch-potential-collision.html|data=8 febbraio 2020|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="spaceflightnow-3">{{cita web|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen|titolo=Boeing says thorough testing would have caught Starliner software problems|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/28/boeing-says-thorough-testing-would-have-caught-starliner-software-problems/|editore=Spaceflight Now|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525031148/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/28/boeing-says-thorough-testing-would-have-caught-starliner-software-problems/|data=28 febbraio 2020|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>. Una indagine indipendente della NASA ha classificato il malfunzionamento del software come ''"high-visibility close call"'', termine che indica un quasi fallimento della missione<ref name="nasasafety-1">{{cita web|autore=NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance|titolo=NASA Procedural Requirements for Mishap and Close Call Reporting, Investigating, and Recordkeeping w/Change 6|url=https://www.thecampbellinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NASA-Procedural-Requirements-for-Mishap-and-Close-Call.pdf|editore=The Campbell Institute|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525035731/https://www.thecampbellinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NASA-Procedural-Requirements-for-Mishap-and-Close-Call.pdf|p=49|data=24 ottobre 2011|urlmorto=no|lingua=en|formato=PDF}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica-4">{{cita web|cognome=Berger|nome=Eric|titolo=NASA declares Starliner mishap a "high visibility close call"|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/03/nasa-declares-starliner-mishap-a-high-visibility-close-call/|editore=[[Ars Technica]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525031841/https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/03/nasa-declares-starliner-mishap-a-high-visibility-close-call/ |data=6 marzo 2020|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>. Una [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|seconda missione dimostrativa]], con gli stessi obiettivi della prima è stata programmata per luglio 2021<ref name="nasa-20210203">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-prelaunch-launch-activities-for-boeing-s-orbital-flight-test-2 |titolo=NASA Invites Media to Prelaunch, Launch Activities for Boeing's Orbital Flight Test-2 |editore=[[NASA]] |data=3 febbraio 2021 |accesso=4 febbraio 2021|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost-2">{{Cita web|cognome=Davenport|nome=Christian|titolo=After botched test flight, Boeing will refly its Starliner spacecraft for NASA|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/06/boeing-starliner-test-repeat/|editore=[[The Washington Post]]|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525042657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/06/boeing-starliner-test-repeat/|data=7 aprile 2020|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref><ref name="spaceflightnow-4">{{cita web|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen|titolo=After problem-plagued test flight, Boeing will refly crew capsule without astronauts|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/06/after-problem-plagued-test-flight-boeing-will-refly-crew-capsule-without-astronauts/|editore=Spaceflight Now|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525042652/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/06/after-problem-plagued-test-flight-boeing-will-refly-crew-capsule-without-astronauts/|data=6 aprile 2020|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref>. Questi inconvenienti hanno spinto la NASA ad acquistare un posto nel volo [[Sojuz MS-17]], per assicurare la partecipazione alla [[Expedition 64]]<ref name="spaceflightnow-5">{{cita web|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen|titolo=NASA inks deal with Roscosmos to ensure continuous U.S. presence on space station|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/12/nasa-inks-deal-with-roscosmos-to-ensure-continuous-u-s-presence-on-space-station/|editore=Spaceflight Now|accesso=25 maggio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525044629/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/12/nasa-inks-deal-with-roscosmos-to-ensure-continuous-u-s-presence-on-space-station/|data=12 maggio 2020|urlmorto=no|lingua=en}}</ref> in caso di ulteriori ritardi nelle missioni del programma, con l'opzione di acquistare altri posti in voli successivi del veicolo russo<ref name="spaceflightnow-5"/>.