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}}</ref> The MOS transistor is the primary component in ''integrated circuit chips''.<ref name="digital_age"/>
Originally, [[integrated circuit]] chips had their function set during manufacturing. During the 1960s, controlling the electrical flow migrated to programming a [[Diode matrix|matrix]] of [[read-only memory]] (ROM). The matrix resembled a two-dimensional array of fuses. The process to embed instructions onto the matrix was to burn out the unneeded connections. There were so many connections, [[firmware]] programmers wrote a ''computer program'' on another chip to oversee the burning. The technology became known as [[Programmable ROM]]. In 1971, Intel [[stored-program computer|installed the computer program onto the chip]] and named it the [[Intel 4004]] [[microprocessor]].<ref name="intel_4004">{{cite web
| url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/chip-hall-of-fame-intel-4004-microprocessor
| title=Chip Hall of Fame: Intel 4004 Microprocessor
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| page = 19
| isbn = 0-201-71012-9
}}</ref> Emerging from a committee of European and American programming language experts, it used standard [[mathematical notation]] and had a readable, structured design. Algol was first to define its [[Syntax (programming languages)|syntax]] using the [[Backus–Naur form]].<ref name="cpl_3rd-ch2-19"/> This led to [[Syntax-directed translation|syntax-directed]] compilers. It added features like:
* [[Block (programming)|block structure]], where variables were local to their block.
* arrays with variable bounds.
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The levels of coupling from worst to best are:<ref name="se-ch8-226"/>
* ''Content Coupling'': A module has content coupling if it modifies a [[local variable]] of another function. COBOL used to do this with the ''alter'' verb.
* ''Common Coupling'': A module has common coupling if it modifies a global variable.
* ''Control Coupling'': A module has control coupling if another module can modify its [[control flow]]. For example, <code>perform_arithmetic( perform_addition, a, b )</code>. Instead, control should be on the makeup of the returned object.
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