Agent-based model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:23, 2 August 2025

Revision as of 07:13, 25 August 2025

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| url = https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsos.210506

| access-date = 2025-06-02

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}}</ref><ref>{{Citation

| last1 = Vernon

| first1 = I.

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| doi-access = free

| url = http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0039

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}}</ref> || Epidemic model used in the UK names after [[June Almeida]].

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| OpenCOVID || 2021 ||<ref>{{Citation |last1=Shattock |first1=Andrew |last2=Le Rutte |first2=Epke |last3=Duenner |first3=Robert |display-authors=2 |year=2021 |title=Impact of vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in Switzerland |journal=Epidemics |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=100535 |doi=10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100535 |pmid=34923396 |pmc=8669952 |bibcode=2021PLSCB..17E9146H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/SwissTPH/OpenCOVID |title=Git-repository with open access source-code for OpenCOVID. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2022-01-31 |website=GitHub |publisher=Swiss TPH |access-date=2022-02-15 |archive-date=February 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215120617/https://github.com/SwissTPH/OpenCOVID |url-status=live }}</ref> || An individual-based transmission model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease dynamics, developed at the [[Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute]].

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[[Verification and validation]] (V&V) of simulation models is extremely important.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sargent |first1=R. G. |doi=10.1109/WSC.2000.899697 |chapter=Verification, validation and accreditation of simulation models |title=2000 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37165) |volume=1 |pages=50–59 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7803-6579-7 |citeseerx=10.1.1.17.438 |s2cid=57059217 }}</ref> Verification involves making sure the implemented model matches the conceptual model, whereas validation ensures that the implemented model has some relationship to the real-world. Face validation, sensitivity analysis, calibration, and statistical validation are different aspects of validation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klügl |first1=F. |chapter=A validation methodology for agent-based simulations |doi=10.1145/1363686.1363696 |title=Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing - SAC '08 |pages=39–43 |year=2008 |isbn=9781595937537 |s2cid=9450992 }}</ref> A [[discrete-event simulation]] framework approach for the validation of agent-based systems has been proposed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fortino |first1=G. |first2=A. |last2=Garro |first3=W. |last3=Russo |title=A Discrete-Event Simulation Framework for the Validation of Agent-Based and Multi-Agent Systems |year=2005 |url=http://www-lia.deis.unibo.it/books/woa2005/papers/11.pdf |access-date=September 27, 2009 |archive-date=June 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626211408/http://www-lia.deis.unibo.it/books/woa2005/papers/11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A comprehensive resource on empirical validation of agent-based models can be found here.<ref>{{cite web |title=Empirical Validation: Agent-Based Computational Economics |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/empvalid.htm |last=Tesfatsion |first=Leigh |publisher=[[Iowa State University]] |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626090651/https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/empvalid.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

As an example of V&V technique, consider VOMAS (virtual overlay multi-agent system),<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Amir |last2=Hussain |first3=Mario |last3=Kolberg |title=Verification and Validation of Agent-Based Simulations using the VOMAS approach |journal=Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Multi-Agent Systems and Simulation '09 (MASS '09), as Part of MALLOW 09, Sep 7–11, 2009, Torino, Italy |url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/VOMAS_CRV_aug_05_09_Muazv2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614052017/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/VOMAS_CRV_aug_05_09_Muazv2.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a software engineering based approach, where a virtual overlay multi-agent system is developed alongside the agent-based model. Muazi et al. also provide an example of using VOMAS for verification and validation of a forest fire simulation model.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Qasim |last2=Siddique |first3=Amir |last3=Hussain |first4=Mario |last4=Kolberg |title=Proceedings of the 2010 Spring Simulation Multiconference |chapter=Verification & validation of an agent-based forest fire simulation model |pages=142–149 |date=April 11–15, 2010 |doi=10.1145/1878537.1878539 |isbn=978-1-4503-0069-8 |chapter-url=http://cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/2_ADS_09_Final_Paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725083937/http://cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/2_ADS_09_Final_Paper.pdf |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Muaz A. K. |last=Niazi |title=Towards A Novel Unified Framework for Developing Formal, Network and Validated Agent-Based Simulation Models of Complex Adaptive Systems |date=June 11, 2011 |publisher=[[University of Stirling]]|hdl=1893/3365 }} PhD Thesis</ref> Another software engineering method, i.e. [[test-driven development|Test-Driven Development]] has been adapted to for agent-based model validation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Onggo |first1=B.S. |last2=Karatas |first2=M. |doi=10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.050 |title=Test-driven simulation modelling: A case study using agent-based maritime search-operation simulation. |journal=European Journal of Operational Research |volume=254 |issue=2 |pages=517–531 |year=2016 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221716301965|archive-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630141434/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221716301965 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This approach has another advantage that allows an automatic validation using unit test tools.

==See also==

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* {{Cite book |last1=Murthy |first1=V. K. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=E. V. |chapter=Multiset of Agents in a Network for Simulation of Complex Systems |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04227-0_6 |title=Recent Advances in Nonlinear Dynamics and Synchronization |series=Studies in Computational Intelligence |volume=254 |pages=153–200 |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-642-04226-3 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Naldi |first1=G. |last2=Pareschi |first2=L. |last3=Toscani |first3=G. |title=Mathematical modeling of collective behavior in socio-economic and life sciences |publisher=Birkhauser |year=2010 |url=https://www.springer.com/birkhauser/mathematics/book/978-0-8176-4945-6 |isbn=978-0-8176-4945-6 |access-date=August 28, 2017 |archive-date=September 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901141452/http://www.springer.com/birkhauser/mathematics/book/978-0-8176-4945-6 |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Onggo |first1=B.S. |last2=Karatas |first2=M. |doi=10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.050 |title=Test-driven simulation modelling: A case study using agent-based maritime search-operation simulation. |journal=European Journal of Operational Research |volume=254 |issue=2 |pages=517–531 |year=2016 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221716301965|archive-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630141434/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377221716301965 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}

* {{Cite journal |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=D. |last2=Haklay |first2=M. |doi=10.1068/a32140 |title=Agent-based models and individualism: Is the world agent-based? |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=1409–1425 |year=2000 |bibcode=2000EnPlA..32.1409O |s2cid=14131066 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/5244/ |type=Submitted manuscript |access-date=October 28, 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204160708/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/5244/ |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Preis |first1=T. |last2=Golke |first2=S. |last3=Paul |first3=W. |last4=Schneider |first4=J. J. |title=Multi-agent-based Order Book Model of financial markets |doi=10.1209/epl/i2006-10139-0 |journal=Europhysics Letters |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006EL.....75..510P |s2cid=56156905 }}