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Various [[visual programming language]]s have also been developed with the intent to resolve readability concerns by adopting non-traditional approaches to code structure and display. [[Integrated development environment]]s (IDEs) aim to integrate all such help. Techniques like [[Code refactoring]] can enhance readability.
===Algorithmic complexity===
The academic field and the engineering practice of computer programming are concerned with discovering and implementing the most efficient algorithms for a given class of problems. For this purpose, algorithms are classified into ''orders'' using [[Big O notation]], which expresses resource use—such as execution time or memory consumption—in terms of the size of an input. Expert programmers are familiar with a variety of well-established algorithms and their respective complexities and use this knowledge to choose algorithms that are best suited to the circumstances.
===Methodologies===
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A similar technique used for database design is Entity-Relationship Modeling ([[Entity-Relationship Model|ER Modeling]]).
Implementation techniques include imperative languages ([[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] or [[procedural programming|procedural]]), [[functional programming|functional languages]], and [[logic programming]] languages.
===Measuring language usage===
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Programming languages are essential for software development. They are the building blocks for all software, from the simplest applications to the most sophisticated ones.
[[Allen Downey]], in his book ''How To Think Like A Computer Scientist'', writes:▼
▲]], in his book ''How To Think Like A Computer Scientist'', writes:
:The details look different in different languages, but a few basic instructions appear in just about every language:
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Many computer languages provide a mechanism to call functions provided by [[shared library|shared libraries]]. Provided the functions in a library follow the appropriate run-time conventions (e.g., method of passing [[argument (computer science)|arguments]]), then these functions may be written in any other language.
==Learning to program==
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