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== Etimologia ==

Probabilmente la parola «giaguaro» deriva del termine [[Lingue tupi-guaraní|tupi-guaraní]] ''yaguara'', che significa «bestia selvatica che abbatte la preda con un balzo».<ref name=Guggisberg1975>{{cita libro | autore=C. A. W. Guggisberg | titolo=Wild Cats of the World | anno=1975 | editore=Taplinger Publishing | città=New York | isbn=978-0-8008-8324-9 | capitolo=Jaguar ''Panthera onca'' (Linnaeus, 1758) | pp=247-265}}</ref><ref name=Seymour/> I popoli indigeni della Guyana lo chiamano ''jaguareté''.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=[[Jean-Baptiste Labat|J. B. Labat]] | anno=1731 | capitolo=Once, espèce de Tigre | titolo=Voyage du chevalier Des Marchais en Guinée, isles voisines, et à Cayenne, fait en 1725, 1726 & 1727 | città=Amsterdam | editore=La Compagnie | volume=III | p=285 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfdWAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA6-PA5 | accesso=13 agosto 2020 | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021340/https://books.google.com/books?id=dfdWAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA6-PA5 | urlmorto=no}}</ref> L'appellativo specifico ''onca'' deriva dalla parola portoghese ''onça'', che indicava un felino maculato del Brasile non meglio identificato di dimensioni superiori a quelle di una [[Lynx (zoologia)|lince]] (cfr. l'epiteto specifico ''uncia'' del [[Panthera uncia|leopardo delle nevi]].<ref>{{cita libro | autore=[[John Ray|J. Ray]] | anno=1693 | capitolo=Pardus an Lynx brasiliensis, ''Jaguara'' | titolo=Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis. Vulgarium Notas Characteristicas, Rariorum Descriptiones integras exhibens | editore=S. Smith & B. Walford | città=Londra | url=https://archive.org/details/synopsismethodic00rayj/page/168/mode/1up | p=168}}</ref> ''Panthera'', invece, è la forma [[Lingua latina|latinizzata]] del [[Lingua greca antica|greco antico]] ''pánthēr'' (πάνθηρ).<ref>{{cita libro | autore=H. G. Liddell e R. Scott | anno=1940 | capitolo=el:πάνθηρ | titolo=A Greek-English Lexicon | edizione=aggiornata | città=Oxford | editore=Clarendon Press | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 | accesso=20 febbraio 2021 | urlarchivio =https://web.archive.org/web/20080411203109/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 | urlmorto=no}}</ref>

Nel 1758 Carlo Linneo descrisse il giaguaro nella sua opera Systema Naturae e gli diede il nome scientifico Felis onca. Nel XIX e XX secolo, diversi esemplari di tipo giaguaro hanno costituito la base per le descrizioni delle sottospecie. Nel 1939, Reginald Innes Pocock riconobbe otto sottospecie in base alle origini geografiche e alla morfologia del cranio di questi esemplari. Pocock non aveva accesso a esemplari zoologici sufficienti per valutare criticamente il loro stato sottospecifico, ma espresse dubbi sullo stato di diversi. Un successivo esame del suo lavoro suggerì che si dovessero riconoscere solo tre sottospecie. La descrizione di P. o. palustris era basato su un teschio fossile.

== Tassonomia ed evoluzione ==

=== Tassonomia ===

Nel 1758 [[Linneo|Carlo Linneo]] descrisse il giaguaro nella sua opera ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' e gli diede il [[Nomenclatura binomiale|nome scientifico]] ''Felis onca''.<ref name=Linn1758>{{cita libro | autore=C. Linnaeus | anno=1758 | capitolo=''Felis onca'' | titolo=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edizione=10 | lingua=la | città=Holmiae | editore=Laurentius Salvius | volume=1 | p=42 | url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref> Tra il XIX e il XX secolo, vari [[Tipo nomenclaturale|esemplari tipo]] sono serviti da base per la descrizione di un certo numero di [[sottospecie]].<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3|id=14000240}}</ref> Nel 1939 [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] ne riconobbe otto in base all'origine geografica e alla [[Morfologia (biologia)|morfologia]] del cranio.<ref name=Pocock1939>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=R. I. Pocock | anno=1939 | titolo=The races of jaguar (''Panthera onca'') | rivista=Novitates Zoologicae | volume=41 | pp=406-422 | url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_123320_theracesofjaguarpantheraonca9999}}</ref> Pocock non aveva accesso a esemplari zoologici sufficienti per valutare seriamente la validità del loro stato di sottospecie, ma espresse ugualmente dubbi riguardo alcune di esse. Un successivo riesame del suo lavoro suggerì che si dovessero riconoscere come tali solo tre sottospecie: la descrizione di ''P. o. palustris'', ad esempio, si basava sull'esame di un cranio [[fossile]].<ref name=Seymour>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=K. L. Seymour | anno=1989 | titolo=''Panthera onca'' | rivista=Mammalian Species | numero=340 | pp=1-9 | url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-340-01-0001.pdf | urlmorto=sì | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620231016/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-340-01-0001.pdf | doi=10.2307/3504096 | jstor=3504096}}</ref>

In 1758, [[Carl Linnaeus]] described the jaguar in his work ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' and gave it the [[scientific name]] ''Felis onca''.<ref name=Linn1758>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |chapter=''Felis onca'' |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |edition=Decima, reformata |language=la |___location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |volume=I |page=42 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref>

In the 19th and 20th centuries, several jaguar [[type specimen]]s formed the basis for descriptions of [[subspecies]].<ref name=MSW3/> In 1939, [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] recognized eight subspecies based on the geographic origins and skull [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] of these specimens.<ref name=Pocock1939>{{cite journal |last=Pocock |first=R. I. |year=1939 |title=The races of jaguar (''Panthera onca'') |journal=Novitates Zoologicae |volume=41 |pages=406–422 |url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_123320_theracesofjaguarpantheraonca9999}}</ref>

Nel 2005 venivano ancora considerati taxa validi nove sottospecie, elencate qui sotto con il corrispondente olotipo:<ref name=MSW3/>

Pocock did not have access to sufficient [[zoological specimen]]s to critically evaluate their subspecific status but expressed doubt about the status of several. Later consideration of his work suggested only three subspecies should be recognized. The description of ''P. o. palustris'' was based on a [[fossil]] skull.<ref name=Seymour>{{cite journal |last=Seymour |first=K. L. |year=1989 |title=''Panthera onca'' |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=340 |pages=1–9 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-340-01-0001.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620231016/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-340-01-0001.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2010 |doi=10.2307/3504096 |jstor=3504096}}</ref>

By 2005, nine subspecies were considered to be [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] taxa.<ref name=MSW3 />{{Collapsible list

|* ''P. o. onca'' {{smallzoo|(Linnaeus, |1758)}}, wasun aesemplare jaguarproveniente fromdal Brazil.Brasile;<ref name=Linn1758 />

| title = Formerly recognized subspecies

|* ''P. o. peruviana'' {{smallzoo|([[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Dede Blainville]], |1843)}}, wasun acranio jaguarproveniente skulldal from Peru.Perù;<ref>{{citecita booklibro |author autore=Blainville, H. M. D. de Blainville |year anno=1843 |chapter capitolo=''F. leo nubicus'' |title titolo=Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossils pour servir de base à la zoologie et la géologie |language lingua=fr |___location città=ParisParigi |publisher editore=J. B. Baillière et Fils | volume=II2 |page=Plate VIII |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6538959f/f171.item |access-date accesso=13 Augustagosto 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021313/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6538959f/f171.item |url-status urlmorto=live no}}</ref>

| ''P. o. onca'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} was a jaguar from Brazil.<ref name=Linn1758 />

* ''P. o. hernandesii'' {{zoo|[[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]]|1857}}, un esemplare proveniente da [[Mazatlán]], in Messico;<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=J. E. Gray | anno=1857 | titolo=Notice of a new species of jaguar from Mazatlan, living in the gardens of the Zoological Society | rivista=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume=25 | p=278 | url=https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl56liet/page/278/mode/2up}}</ref>

| ''P. o. peruviana'' {{small|([[Henri de Blainville|De Blainville]], 1843)}} was a jaguar skull from Peru.<ref>{{cite book |author=Blainville, H. M. D. de |year=1843 |chapter=''F. leo nubicus'' |title=Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossils pour servir de base à la zoologie et la géologie |language=fr |___location=Paris |publisher=J. B. Baillière et Fils |volume=II |page=Plate VIII |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6538959f/f171.item |access-date=13 August 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021313/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6538959f/f171.item |url-status=live }}</ref>

|* ''P. o. hernandesiipalustris'' {{smallzoo|([[JohnFlorentino Edward GrayAmeghino|GrayAmeghino]], 1857)|1888}}, wasuna a[[mandibola]] jaguar[[fossile]] fromrinvenuta nelle [[MazatlánSierras Pampeanas]] del [[distretto di Córdova]], in Mexico.Argentina;<ref>{{citecita journallibro |author autore=Gray, JF. E.Ameghino |year anno=18571888 |title capitolo=NoticeFormación ofPampeana a| newtitolo=Los speciesMamíferos offósiles jaguarde fromla Mazatlan,República livingArgentina in| thelingua=es gardens| ofcittà=Buenos the Zoological SocietyAires |journal editore=ProceedingsPablo ofE. theConi Zoologicalé Society of Londonhijos |volume=25 |page=278 |url=https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl56lietmamferosfsil00ameg/page/278476/mode/2up1up | pp=473-493}}</ref>

|* ''P. o. palustriscentralis'' {{smallzoo|([[FlorentinoEdgar AmeghinoAlexander Mearns|AmeghinoMearns]], 1888)|1901}}, wasil acranio [[fossil]]di jaguarun [[mandible]]maschio excavatedproveniente in theda [[SierrasCantone Pampeanasdi Talamanca|Talamanca]], ofin [[CórdovaCosta District]], Argentina.Rica;<ref name=Mearns>{{citecita bookpubblicazione |author autore=Ameghino,E. FA. Mearns |year anno=18881901 |chapter titolo=FormaciónThe PampeanaAmerican Jaguars |title rivista=LosProceedings Mamíferosof fósilesthe deBiological laSociety Repúblicaof ArgentinaWashington |language volume=es14 |___location pp=Buenos Aires137-143 |publisher=Pablo E. Coni é hijos |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mamferosfsil00ameg3908800952802714biolrich/page/476138/mode/1up |pages=473–4932up}}</ref>

|* ''P. o. goldmani'' {{smallzoo|(Mearns, |1901)}}, wasuna apelle jaguarproveniente skin fromda Yohatlan innello stato di [[Campeche]], Mexico.in Messico;<ref name=Mearns />

| ''P. o. centralis'' {{small|([[Edgar Alexander Mearns|Mearns]], 1901)}} was a skull of a male jaguar from [[Talamanca (canton)|Talamanca]], Costa Rica.<ref name=Mearns>{{cite journal |author=Mearns, E. A. |year=1901 |title=The American Jaguars |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=14 |pages=137–143 |url=https://archive.org/details/3908800952802714biolrich/page/138/mode/2up}}</ref>

* ''P. o. paraguensis'' {{zoo|[[Ned Hollister|Hollister]]|1914}}, il cranio di un maschio proveniente dal Paraguay;<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=N. Hollister | anno=1915 | titolo=Two new South American jaguars | rivista=Proceedings of the United States National Museum | volume=48 | numero=2069 | pp=169-170 | url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofuni481915unit/page/168/mode/2up | doi=10.5479/si.00963801.48-2069.169}}</ref>

| ''P. o. goldmani'' {{small|(Mearns, 1901)}} was a jaguar skin from Yohatlan in [[Campeche]], Mexico.<ref name=Mearns />

|* ''P. o. paraguensisarizonensis'' {{smallzoo|([[NedEdward HollisterAlphonso Goldman|HollisterGoldman]], 1914)|1932}}, wasla apelle skulle ofil acranio maledi jaguarun frommaschio Paraguay.proveniente dalle vicinanze di [[Cibecue]], in Arizona;<ref name=Goldman1932>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |author autore=Hollister,E. NA. Goldman |year anno=19151932 |title titolo=TwoThe newjaguars Southof AmericanNorth jaguarsAmerica |journal rivista=Proceedings of the UnitedBiological StatesSociety Nationalof MuseumWashington | volume=4845 |issue=2069 |pagespp=169–170143-146 | url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofuni481915unitproceedingsofbi451932biol/page/168142/mode/2up |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.48-2069.169}}</ref>

|* ''P. o. veraecrucisveraecruscis'' {{smallzoo|([[Edward William Nelson|Nelson]] ande Goldman, |1933)}}, wasil acranio skull ofdi aun malemaschio jaguarproveniente fromda [[San Andrés Tuxtla]], in MexicoMessico.<ref>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |author1=Nelson, autore=E. W. |author2=Goldman,Nelson e E. A. Goldman |year anno=1933 |name-list-style=amp |titletitolo=Revision of the jaguars |journal rivista=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=14 |issue numero=3 |pages pp=221–240221-240 | doi=10.2307/1373821 | jstor=1373821}}</ref>

| ''P. o. arizonensis'' {{small|([[Edward Alphonso Goldman|Goldman]], 1932)}} was a skin and skull of a male jaguar from the vicinity of [[Cibecue, Arizona]].<ref name=Goldman1932>{{cite journal |author=Goldman, E. A. |year=1932 |title=The jaguars of North America |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=45 |pages=143–146 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofbi451932biol/page/142/mode/2up}}</ref>

| ''P. o. veraecrucis'' {{small|([[Edward William Nelson|Nelson]] and Goldman, 1933)}} was a skull of a male jaguar from [[San Andrés Tuxtla]] in Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nelson, E. W. |author2=Goldman, E. A. |year=1933 |name-list-style=amp |title=Revision of the jaguars |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=221–240 |doi=10.2307/1373821 |jstor=1373821}}</ref>

}}

Reginald Innes Pocock placed the jaguar in the [[genus]] ''Panthera'' and observed that it shares several morphological features with the [[leopard]] (''P. pardus''). He, therefore, concluded that they are most closely related to each other.<ref name=Pocock1939 /> Results of [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[genetics|genetic]] research indicate a [[cline (population genetics)|clinal]] north–south variation between populations, but no evidence for subspecific differentiation.<ref name=Eizirik /><ref name=Larson>{{cite journal |last=Larson |first=S. E. |year=1997 |title=Taxonomic re-evaluation of the jaguar |journal=[[Zoo Biology]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=107–120 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<107::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E}}</ref> [[DNA]] analysis of 84 jaguar samples from South America revealed that the [[gene flow]] between jaguar populations in [[Colombia]] was high in the past.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ruiz-Garcia, M. |author2=Payan, E. |author3=Murillo, A. |author4=Alvarez, D. |year=2006 |name-list-style=amp |title=DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar (''Panthera onca'') in Colombia |journal=Genes & Genetic Systems |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=115–127 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf |doi=10.1266/ggs.81.115 |doi-access=free |pmid=16755135 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216093206/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2017, the jaguar is considered to be a [[monotypic taxon]].<ref name="catsg">{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |name-list-style=amp |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=70–71 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=70 |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730142355/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=70 |url-status=live }}</ref>