|
* ''P. o. veraecruscis'' {{zoo|[[Edward William Nelson|Nelson]] e Goldman|1933}}, il cranio di un maschio proveniente da [[San Andrés Tuxtla]], in Messico.<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=E. W. Nelson e E. A. Goldman | anno=1933 | titolo=Revision of the jaguars | rivista=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=14 | numero=3 | pp=221-240 | doi=10.2307/1373821 | jstor=1373821}}</ref>
Reginald Innes Pocock placedinserì theil jaguargiaguaro in thenel [[genusGenere (tassonomia)|genere]] ''Panthera'' ande observednotò thatche itesso sharescondivideva severaldiverse morphologicalcaratteristiche featuresmorfologiche withcon theil [[leopard]]leopardo (''[[Panthera pardus|P. pardus]]''). HeLo zoologo, thereforepertanto, concludedgiunse thatalla theyconclusione areche mostle closelydue relatedspecie todovevano eachessere otherstrettamente imparentate.<ref name=Pocock1939 /> ResultsDi ofrecente, le ricerche sui dati [[MorphologyMorfologia (biologybiologia)|morphologicalmorfologici]] ande [[geneticsGenetica|geneticgenetici]] researchhanno indicateindicato ache la specie presenta una [[clinevariazione (population genetics)|clinalclinale]] north–southnord-sud variationtra betweenle populationspopolazioni, butma nonon evidencehanno forriscontrato subspecificalcuna differentiationprova di differenziazione sottospecifica.<ref name=Eizirik /><ref name=Larson>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |last=Larson |firstautore=S. E. Larson |year anno=1997 |title titolo=Taxonomic re-evaluation of the jaguar |journal rivista=[[Zoo Biology]] | volume=16 |issue numero=2 |pages pp=107–120107-120 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<107::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E}}</ref> Le analisi del [[DNA]] analysis ofdi 84 jaguaresemplari samplesdi fromgiaguaro Southprovenienti dall'America revealedmeridionale thatha therivelato che in passato il [[geneflusso flowgenico]] betweentra jaguarle populationspopolazioni indella [[Colombia]] wasera highmolto in the pastelevato.<ref>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |author1 autore=M. Ruiz-Garcia, ME. |author2=Payan, EA. |author3=Murillo, Ae D. |author4=Alvarez, D.| |yearanno=2006 |name-list-style=amp |titletitolo=DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar (''Panthera onca'') in Colombia |journal rivista=Genes & Genetic Systems | volume=81 |issue numero=2 |pages pp=115–127115-127 | url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf | doi=10.1266/ggs.81.115 |doi-access=free |pmid=16755135 |access-date accesso=13 Decemberdicembre 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216093206/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf |url-status urlmorto=live no}}</ref> SinceDal 2017, theil jaguargiaguaro isè consideredconsiderato to be aun [[monotypicMonospecifico|taxon taxonmonotipico]].<ref name="catsg">{{citecita journalpubblicazione |author1 autore=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-WürstenKitchener, C. |author3=EizirikBreitenmoser-Würsten, E. |author4=GentryEizirik, A. |author5=WerdelinGentry, L. |author6=WiltingWerdelin, A. |author7=YamaguchiWilting, N. |author8=AbramovYamaguchi, A. V. |author9=ChristiansenAbramov, P. |author10=DriscollChristiansen, C. |author11=DuckworthDriscoll, J. W. |author12=JohnsonDuckworth, W. |author13=LuoJohnson, S.-J. |author14=MeijaardLuo, E. |author15=O'DonoghueMeijaard, P. |author16=SandersonO'Donoghue, J. |author17=SeymourSanderson, K. |author18=BrufordSeymour, M. |author19=GrovesBruford, C. |author20=HoffmannGroves, M. |author21=NowellHoffmann, K. |author22=TimmonsNowell, Z. |author23=Tobe,Timmons e S. Tobe |year anno=2017 |name-list-style=amp |titletitolo=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal rivista=Cat News | volume=Special Issue 11 |pages pp=70–7170-71 | url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=70 |access-date accesso=13 Maymaggio 2018 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730142355/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=70 |url-status urlmorto=live no}}</ref>
===Evolution Evoluzione ===
[[File:Panthera onca augusta.JPG|thumb|right|FossilCranio skullfossile ofdi ''P. o. augusta''.]]
TheGli studiosi ritengono che la linea evolutiva ''Panthera'' [[Lineagesi (evolution)|lineage]]sia isseparata estimatedgeneticamente to havedal [[Geneticprogenitore divergence|genetically divergedcomune]] from thedei [[common ancestorFelidae|Felidi]] ofin theun [[Felidae]]periodo aroundche varia, a seconda delle stime, tra {{Ma|9.,32| e 4.,47|million yearsmilioni ago}}di toanni fa e {{Ma|11.,75| e 0.,97|million yearsmilioni ago}}di anni fa,<ref name="Johnson2006">{{citecita journalpubblicazione |last1=Johnson |first1autore=W. E. |last2=EizirikJohnson, |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-SlatteryEizirik, |first3=J. |last4=MurphyPecon-Slattery, |first4=W. J. |last5=AntunesMurphy, |first5=A. |last6=TeelingAntunes, |first6=E. |last7=O'BrienTeeling e |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=ampO'Brien |title titolo=The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal rivista=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=311 |issue numero=5757 |pages pp=73–7773-77 |date anno=2006 | pmid=16400146 | doi=10.1126/science.1122277 | bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J | s2cid=41672825 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date accesso=24 Novembernovembre 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status urlmorto=live no}}</ref><ref name="Werdelin2010">{{citecita booklibro |last1=Werdelin |first1autore=L. |last2=YamaguchiWerdelin, |first2=N. |last3=JohnsonYamaguchi, |first3=W. E. |last4=O'BrienJohnson e |first4=S. J. O'Brien |name-list-style=amp |chaptercapitolo=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |date anno=2010 |pages pp=59–8259-82 |publisher editore=Oxford University Press |___location città=Oxford, UK | isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |chapter- url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-firstcuratore=D. W. |editor2-last=LoveridgeMacdonald e |editor2-first=A. J. Loveridge |title titolo=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |access-date accesso=24 Novembernovembre 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status urlmorto=live no}}</ref><ref name=Li_al2016>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |last1=Li |first1autore=G. |last2=DavisLi, |first2=B. W. |last3=EizirikDavis, |first3=E. |last4=MurphyEizirik e |first4=W. J. |name-list-style=ampMurphy |date anno=2016 |title titolo=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal rivista=Genome Research | volume=26 |issue numero=1 |pages pp=1–111-11 | doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 | pmid=26518481 | pmc=4691742}}</ref> e che il genere abbia avuto origine molto probabilmente nell'Asia centro-settentrionale.<ref name=Tseng2014>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=Z. J. Tseng, X. Wang, G. J. Slater, G. T. Takeuchi, Q. Li, J. Liu e G. Xie | anno=2014 | titolo=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats | rivista=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=281 | numero=1774 | p=20132686 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 | pmid=24225466 | pmc=3843846}}</ref> Alcune analisi genetiche collocano il giaguaro come specie sorella del leone, dal quale si sarebbe separato tra 3,46 e 1,22 milioni di anni fa,<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name="Werdelin2010"/> mentre altre ricerche collocano il leone più prossimo al leopardo.<ref name="davis2010">{{cita pubblicazione | autore=B. W. Davis, G. Li e W. J. Murphy | titolo=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae) | rivista=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | anno=2010 | volume=56 | numero=1 | pp=64-76 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 | pmid=20138224 | url=https://www.academia.edu/12157986}}</ref><ref name="mazak2011">{{cita pubblicazione | autore=J. H. Mazák, P. Christiansen, A. C. Kitchener e A. Goswami | titolo=Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger | rivista=PLOS ONE | anno=2011 | volume=6 | numero=10 | pp=e25483 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 | pmid=22016768 | pmc=3189913 | bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M}}</ref>
and the geographic origin of the genus is most likely northern Central Asia.<ref name=Tseng2014>{{cite journal |author1=Tseng, Z. J. |author2=Wang, X. |author3=Slater, G. J. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Takeuchi, G. T. |author5=Li, Q. |author6=Liu, J. |author7=Xie, G. |date=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |page=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686|pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Some genetic analyses place the jaguar as a [[sister species]] to the lion with which it diverged {{Ma|3.46|1.22|million years ago}},<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name="Werdelin2010"/> but other studies place the lion closer to the leopard.<ref name="davis2010">{{cite journal |last1=Davis|first1=B. W. |last2=Li |first2=G. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2010 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 |pmid=20138224 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12157986}}</ref><ref name="mazak2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mazák|first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |last4=Goswami |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |pmc=3189913 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M|doi-access=free}}</ref>
TheSembra lineageche ofla thelinea jaguarevolutiva appearsdel togiaguaro haveabbia originatedavuto origine in Africa ande spreadche toda qui si sia diffusa in Eurasia tra 1.95–1.,95 e 1,77 mya.milioni Thedi anni fa. modernLa speciesspecie mayattuale havepotrebbe descendeddiscendere fromda ''[[Panthera gombaszoegensis]]'', whichche issi thoughtpensa toabbia haveraggiunto enteredil thecontinente Americanamericano continentattraverso viala [[Beringia]], theil landponte bridgedi thatterra onceche spannedall'epoca thecollegava le due sponde dello [[stretto di Bering Strait]].<ref name=Argant2011>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |first1 autore=A. |last1=Argant |first2=e J. |last2=Argant |name-list-style=amp |titletitolo=The ''Panthera gombaszogensis'' story: the contribution of the Château Breccia (Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, France) |journal rivista=Quaternaire |issue numero=Hors-serie 4 |year anno=2011 |pages pp=247–269247-269 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286036249 |access-date accesso=24 Novembernovembre 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021307/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286036249_The_Panthera_Gombaszogensis_story_The_contribution_of_the_chateau_breccia_Saone-Et-Loire_Burgundy_France |url-status urlmorto=live no}}</ref><ref>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |last1=Jiangzuo|first1 autore=Q. |last2=LiuJiangzuo e |first2=J. Liu |name-list-style=amp |yearanno=2020 |title titolo=First record of the Eurasian jaguar in southern Asia and a review of dental differences between pantherine cats |journal rivista=Journal of Quaternary Science | volume=35 |issue numero=6 |pages pp=817–830817-830 | doi=10.1002/jqs.3222 | bibcode=2020JQS....35..817J | s2cid=219914902}}</ref> FossilsIn ofAmerica modernsettentrionale jaguarssono havestati beenrinvenuti foundfossili indi Northgiaguaro Americamoderno datingrisalenti toa overoltre 850,000{{M|850000}} yearsanni agofa.<ref name=Seymour/> ResultsI ofrisultati dell'analisi del [[mitochondrial DNA mitocondriale]] analysis ofdi 37 jaguarsgiaguari indicateindicano thatche currentle populationspopolazioni evolvedattuali betweensi 510,000siano andevolute 280,000tra years{{M|510000}} agoe in{{M|280000}} northernanni Southfa nel nord dell'America andmeridionale subsequentlye recolonizedsuccessivamente Northabbiano and Centralricolonizzato l'America aftercentrale thee extinctionsettentrionale ofdopo jaguarsche therela duringspecie theera scomparsa da queste zone durante il [[LatePleistocene Pleistocenesuperiore]].<ref name=Eizirik>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |author1 autore=Eizirik, E. |author2=KimEizirik, J. H. |author3=Menotti-RaymondKim, M. |author4=CrawshawMenotti-Raymond, P. G. Crawshaw Jr. |author5=O'Brien, S. J. |author6=Johnson,O'Brien e W. E. Johnson |year anno=2001 |name-list-style=amp |titletitolo=Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (''Panthera onca'', Mammalia, Felidae) |journal rivista=Molecular Ecology | volume=10 |issue numero=1 |pages pp=65–7965-79 | url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5bd14c9ccc8cc43ed15352fc86075b8d6b8cccee | doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01144.x | pmid=11251788 | s2cid=3916428 |access-date accesso=29 Novembernovembre 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021257/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Phylogeography%2C-population-history-and-conservation-Eizirik-Kim/5bd14c9ccc8cc43ed15352fc86075b8d6b8cccee |url-status urlmorto=live no}}</ref>
TwoGrazie extinctai subspeciesritrovamenti offossili jaguarsono arenote recognizeddue insottospecie theestinte fossildi record:giaguaro, theuna North Americannordamericana, ''[[Panthera onca augusta|P. o. augusta]]'', ande Southuna Americansudamericana, ''[[Panthera onca mesembrina|P. o. mesembrina]]''.<ref>{{citecita pubblicazione journal|last1=Chahud|first1 autore=A. |last2=Okumura|first2=Chahud e M. Okumura |year anno=2020 |title titolo=The presence of ''Panthera onca'' Linnaeus 1758 (Felidae) in the Pleistocene of the region of Lagoa Santa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil |journal rivista=Historical Biology | volume=33 |issue numero=10 |pages pp=2496–25032496-2503 | doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1808975 | s2cid=225408043}}</ref>
{{clade gallery |align=left |width=520px; |main-caption=[[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] relationships of the jaguar as derived through analysis of
<div style="text-align:center">'''Relazioni [[Filogenesi|filogenetiche]] del giaguaro come risultano dalle analisi del'''</div>
|header1=nuclear DNA:<ref name=Johnson2006 />
|cladogram1={{clade |label1=Felidae ▼{{colonne|auto}}
<div style="text-align:center">'''DNA nucleare:'''<ref name=Johnson2006/></div>
▲ |cladogram1={{clade |label1=Felidae
|1={{clade |label2=Pantherinae
|1=Felinae [[File:Felis torquata - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|70 px]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Lion]]Leone (''[[Panthera leo|P. leo]]'') [[File:Felis leo - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg|70 px]]
|2='''JaguarGiaguaro''' [[File:Felis onca - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
|2=[[Leopard]]Leopardo (''[[Panthera pardus|P. pardus]]'') [[File:Felis pardus - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tiger]]Tigre (''[[Panthera tigris|P. tigris]]'') [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(tiger).png|70 px]]
|2=[[SnowLeopardo leopard]]delle nevi (''[[Panthera uncia|P. uncia]]'') [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(snow leopard).png|70 px]]}} }}
|2=''[[Neofelis]]'' [[File:Studienblatt Felis macroscelis Nebelparder (white background).jpg|70 px]]}} }} }}
{{colonne spezza}}
|header2=mitochondrial DNA:<ref name=Li_al2016 />
<div style="text-align:center">'''DNA mitocondriale:'''<ref name=Li_al2016/></div>
|cladogram2={{clade |label1=Felidae
|1={{clade |label2=Pantherinae
|1=Felinae [[File:Felis torquata - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|70 px]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade|1=LionLeone [[File:Felis leo - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg|70 px]]|2=LeopardLeopardo [[File:Felis pardus - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
|2=SnowLeopardo leoparddelle nevi [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(snow leopard).png|70 px]]}}
|2='''JaguarGiaguaro''' [[File:Felis onca - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
|2=TigerTigre [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(tiger).png|70 px]]}}
|2=''Neofelis'' [[File:Studienblatt Felis macroscelis Nebelparder (white background).jpg|70 px]]}} }} }}
}}{{clear|left}}
==Description==
| 