Video game modding: Difference between revisions

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{{Video game industry}}'''Video game modding''' (short for "modifying") is the process of player and fan-authored alteration of a [[video game]]<ref name=Poor>{{cite journal |last1=Poor |first1=Nathaniel |title=Computer game modders' motivations and sense of community: A mixed-methods approach |journal=[[New Media & Society]] |date=24 September 2013 |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1249–1267 |doi=10.1177/1461444813504266|s2cid=39280896}}</ref> and is a sub-discipline of general ''[[modding]]''. A set of modifications, commonly called a '''''mod''''', either changes an existing game or adds new content, with a varying complexity.<ref name=":15">{{cite book |last1=Thiel |first1=Sarah-Kristin |title=Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Communities & Technologies - Transforming Communities |last2=Lyle |first2=Peter |date=3 June 2019 |isbn=978-1-4503-7162-9 |pages=198–209 |chapter=Malleable Games - A Literature Review on Communities of Game Modders |doi=10.1145/3328320.3328393 |chapter-url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/177771828/C_T19_IdentifyingGameModdingCommunities_cr.pdf |s2cid=150367691}}</ref> '''''Modders''','' people who mod video games,<ref name="auto" /> can introduce a variety of changes to games, including altering graphics, fixing [[Software bug|bugs]], and adding unique gameplay elements, all extending the replay value and interest of the game.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":12" /> Modding a game can also be understood as the act of seeking and installing mods to the player's game.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Cheryl K.|last2=Kutner|first2=Lawrence A.|last3=Warner|first3=Dorothy E.|last4=Almerigi|first4=Jason B.|last5=Baer|first5=Lee|last6=Nicholi|first6=Armand M.|last7=Beresin|first7=Eugene V.|title=Factors Correlated with Violent Video Game Use by Adolescent Boys and Girls|journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]]|date=July 2007|volume=41|issue=1|pages=77–83|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.001|pmid=17577537}}</ref> Modding uses third-party software, which distinguishesdistinguishing it from tweakingchanging pre-existing game settings and in-game creations.<ref name="Poor" />

People can become fans of specific mods and can involve themselves in the process of mod development and discourse.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Sotamaa |first=Olli |date=2010-07-01 |title=When the Game Is Not Enough: Motivations and Practices Among Computer Game Modding Culture |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412009359765 |journal=Games and Culture |language=EN |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=239–255 |doi=10.1177/1555412009359765 |issn=1555-4120|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In cases where modding is popular, players use the term ''[[Vanilla software|vanilla]]'' to describe the unmodified game (e.g. "Vanilla ''[[Minecraft]]''").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gould |first=Elie |date=2025-01-09 |title=After 15 years, Minecraft has finally added two new pig variations: The warm pig and the cold pig, meaning I can delete one mod off my list |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/survival-crafting/after-15-years-minecraft-has-finally-added-two-new-pig-variations-the-warm-pig-and-the-cold-pig-meaning-i-can-delete-one-mod-off-my-list/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>

Mods that extensively transform gameplay are known as total conversions, [[List of video games derived from mods|with some developing into distinct games]]. For example, [[League of Legends|''League of Legends'']] and [[Dota 2|''Dota 2'']] were both originally mods for [[Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos|''Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos'']].<ref>{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Jim |date=May 11, 2012 |title=Valve, Blizzard Reach DOTA Trademark Agreement |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2012/05/11/valve-blizzard-reach-dota-trademark-agreement.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724090129/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2012/05/11/valve-blizzard-reach-dota-trademark-agreement.aspx |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |access-date=March 30, 2016 |publisher=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=How Warcraft 3's modding community paved the way for League of Legends and Dota 2 |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/warcraft-iii/warcraft-3-mods-dota-league-of-legends |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=PCGamesN |language=en-GB}}</ref> These releases can be stand-alone titles that do not require the original game to play, or they may be dependent on the user owning the game they are modded onto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2016 |title=An Australian Skyrim Mod Has Won A Screenwriting Award |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/10/an-australian-skyrim-mod-has-won-a-screenwriting-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114023556/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/10/an-australian-skyrim-mod-has-won-a-screenwriting-award/ |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |website=Kotaku Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-27 |title=The making of: Garry's Mod |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/garrys-mod/the-making-of-garrys-mod |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=PCGamesN |language=en-US}}</ref> As early as the 1980s, video game mods have also been used for the sole purpose of creating art, as opposed to a playable game, leading to the rise of [[Video game art|artistic video game modification]], as well as [[machinima]] and the [[demoscene]].<ref name=":15" />

As early as the 1980s, video game mods have also been used for the sole purpose of creating art, as opposed to a playable game, leading to the rise of [[Video game art|artistic video game modification]], as well as [[machinima]] and the [[demoscene]].<ref name=":15" />

Popular games can have tens of thousands of mods created for them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dey |first1=Tapajit |last2=Massengill |first2=Jacob Logan |last3=Mockus |first3=Audris |title=Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play Companion Extended Abstracts |chapter=Analysis of Popularity of Game Mods |date=16 October 2016 |pages=133–139 |doi=10.1145/2968120.2987724 |isbn=978-1-4503-4458-6 |s2cid=12003615}}</ref> In 2024, [[Nexus Mods]], one of the biggest video game mod websites, hosted a total of 539,682 mod files, developed by 128,361 mod authors, and accrued a lifetime total of 10 billion mod downloads for 2,683 games the same year.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Wolens |first=Joshua |date=2024-02-08 |title=The world's biggest mod site pops the cork on 10 billion downloads and $7 million-worth of payouts: 'If every download were a footstep, you could walk to the Moon 11 times' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/the-worlds-biggest-mod-site-pops-the-cork-on-10-billion-downloads-and-dollar7-million-worth-of-payouts-if-every-download-were-a-footstep-you-could-walk-to-the-moon-11-times/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> The proliferation of modding has made it an increasingly important factor in the success of many games.<ref name="auto3">{{cite journal |last1=Postigo |first1=Hector |date=October 2007 |title=Of Mods and Modders |journal=[[Games and Culture]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=300–313 |doi=10.1177/1555412007307955 |s2cid=143727901}}</ref><ref name=":16" />

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Mod development involves the use of external [[Software development kit|software development kits]] (SDK) that are not included in the original game, distinguishing mods from in-game creations such as character creation in [[The Sims|''The Sims'']] or levels designed in [[Lemmings (video game)|''Lemmings'']].<ref name=":15" /> Early commercial mod-making tools include the ''[[Boulder Dash Construction Kit]]'', released in 1986, and ''[[The Bard's Tale Construction Set]]'', released in 1991, which allow users to create games using the engines of their predecessors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 1988 |title=Antic Magazine Volume 6 Number 11 (Next Generation Game Machines) |url=http://archive.org/details/1988-03-anticmagazine |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="scorpia199202">{{cite magazine |author=Scorpia |date=February 1992 |title=Scorpion's Tale |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1992&pub=2&id=91 |accessdate=24 November 2013 |magazine=Computer Gaming World |pages=38}}</ref> In 1983, ''[[Lode Runner]]'' was released with a [[level editor]] in which users could make and save levels to share with other players on the same computer. It is considered one of the first games to support user mods.<ref name="routledge chp31" /> Released in 1993, ''[[Forgotten Realms: Unlimited Adventures]]'' allows users to construct games based on the ''[[Pool of Radiance]]'' game world''.<ref name="rauschIII">{{cite web |last=Rausch |first=Allen |date=2004-08-17 |title=A History of ''D&D'' Video Games - Part III |url=http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/539/539722p1.html |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=Game Spy}}</ref>''

The provision of tools is seen as the most practical way that a company can signal to fans that its game is available to mod.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poretski |first1=Lev |title=Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing |last2=Arazy |first2=Ofer |date=25 February 2017 |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-4335-0 |pages=480–491 |chapter=Placing Value on Community Co-creations: A Study of a Video Game 'Modding' Community |doi=10.1145/2998181.2998301 |s2cid=18600910}}</ref> Many tools use the lightweight scripting language [[Lua]], facilitating a simple and accessible medium to create mods.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Matthew |date=2018-06-20 |editor-last=Chan |editor-first=Leslie |editor2-last=Mounier |editor2-first=Pierre |title=Game not Over: End-User Programming and Game System Modding as Models for Extending Community Engagement |url=https://hal.science/hal-01816719 |journal=ELPUB 2018 |___location=Toronto, Canada |publisher=ElPub |volume=Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure |doi=10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.21}}</ref> [[Maxis]] released modding tools for ''[[The Sims]]'' before the game itself, resulting in a suite of fan-created mods being available at launch.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Lukkanen |first=Tero |url=https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65431/951-44-6448-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Modding scenes: Introduction to user-created content in computer gaming |publisher=[[University of Tampere]] |year=2005 |series=Hypermedia Laboratory Net Series |volume=9 |place=Tampere |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128211333/https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65431/951-44-6448-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> The advertising campaign for ''[[Neverwinter Nights (2002 video game)|Neverwinter Nights]]'' focused on the included Aurora toolset.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Warcraft III World Editor|''World Editor'']] for ''[[Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos|Warcraft III]]'' allowed a variety of custom scenarios or maps to be created for the game, such as a number of [[tower defense]] and [[multiplayer online battle arena|multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA)]] maps, including ''[[Defense of the Ancients]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Walbridge|first=Michael|title=Analysis: Defense of the Ancients - An Underground Revolution|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/109814/Analysis_Defense_of_the_Ancients__An_Underground_Revolution.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510135818/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/109814/Analysis_Defense_of_the_Ancients__An_Underground_Revolution.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2012|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.gamasutra.com|date=12 June 2008|language=en}}</ref>''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=How Warcraft 3's modding community paved the way for League of Legends and Dota 2 |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/warcraft-iii/warcraft-3-mods-dota-league-of-legends |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=PCGamesN |language=en-GB}}</ref>'' Bethesda Game Studios offers the [[Creation Kit]], a program containing user-tailored modding tools used to create mods for their games, including ''[[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-12 |title=Skyrim: The Creation Kit Experience |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/skyrim-the-creation-kit-experience |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=Eurogamer.net |language=en}}</ref>

Modders also create and use [[open-source software]] tools for creating mods.<ref name="auto4">{{cite book |last1=Scacchi |first1=Walt |series=IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology |title=Open Source Systems: Grounding Research |chapter=Modding as an Open Source Approach to Extending Computer Game Systems |volume=365 |date=2011 |pages=62–74 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-24418-6_5 |language=en|isbn=978-3-642-24417-9|s2cid=8934352 }}</ref> With games where modding is unsanctioned, these user-developed tools are the only resources available to develop mods. Examples include tools written to view 3D-geometry and programs used to import this data into 3D-applications, such as [[Maya (software)|Maya]] or [[Autodesk 3ds Max]]. Because game developers [[Encryption|encrypt]] their game's files, unsanctioned modding requires [[reverse engineering]] the structure of the game through extracting and decrypting files. This process is facilitated through the sharing of game files on modding forums, such as the XeNTaX community which produced modded versions [[Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain|''Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain'']] starting in 2015.<ref name=":30" /> [[Generative AI]] is expected to make mod development easier,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lumb |first1=David |title=Generative AI Is Coming for Video Games. Here's How It Could Change Gaming |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/gaming/generative-ai-is-coming-for-video-games-heres-how-it-could-change-gaming/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=[[CNET]] |date=4 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> particularly with assets such as textures and voice acting which can present a barrier to entry for amateur mod teams. Voice actors have raised [[Ethics of artificial intelligence|ethical concerns]] over their voices being cloned without their consent, and they have denounced pornographic mods using their cloned voices.<ref name="Stokes">{{Cite web |last=Stokes |first=Ian |date=2021-04-20 |title=Witcher 3 mod uses AI to create new voice lines without Geralt's original voice actor |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/witcher-3-mod-uses-ai-to-create-new-voice-lines-without-geralts-original-voice-actor/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=gamesradar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Imogen |date=2023-07-07 |title=Video game voice actors denounce NSFW mods using AI deepfakes of their voices |url=https://www.nme.com/news/video-game-voice-actors-denounce-nsfw-mods-ai-deepfakes-voices-3466276 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Dinsdale">{{Cite web |last=Dinsdale |first=Ryan |date=2023-12-22 |title=The Witcher Voice Actor Doug Cockle Calls AI 'Inevitable' but 'Dangerous' |url=https://za.ign.com/the-witcher-3/188055/news/the-witcher-voice-actor-doug-cockle-calls-ai-inevitable-but-dangerous |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=IGN Africa |language=en-za}}</ref>

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A game that allows modding is said to be ''moddable'', and the extent to which a game can be modded is called its ''moddability''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Litchfield |first=Ted |date=2025-02-18 |title=Blockchain-based space survival MMO EVE Frontier has a free trial running, with CCP hoping you'll take a chance on its 20,000 star systems, more tactical combat, and 'dark sci-fi Pinocchio story' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/mmo/blockchain-based-space-survival-mmo-eve-frontier-has-a-free-trial-running-with-ccp-hoping-youll-take-a-chance-on-its-20-000-star-systems-more-tactical-combat-and-dark-sci-fi-pinocchio-story/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> In general, moddable games will define gameplay variables in text or other non proprietary format files and have graphics of a standard format, such as [[bitmap]]s.<ref name="Sihvonen2011p37">{{cite book |last1=Sihvonen |first1=Tania |title=Players Unleashed!: Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming |date=2011 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=978-90-8964-201-1 |___location=Amsterdam |pages=37–86 |chapter=Cultural and Commercial Appropriation |jstor=j.ctt46mt37.5}}</ref> Developers can also foster mod-friendliness by making source files more accessible, such as ''Doom'' separating its art assets from the main program.<ref name=":2" /> Released in 2007, ''[[Supreme Commander (video game)|Supreme Commander]]'' was developed with the goal of being the as customisable as possible through mods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Graeme |date=2018-01-07 |title=The making of Supreme Commander |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/the-making-of-supreme-commander |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Eurogamer.net |language=en}}</ref> Some mods increase moddability by adding scripting support or externalizing underlying code. In 2025, mod authors released a script extender for [[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion Remastered|''The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion Remastered'']], which has no official mod support, within less than six hours after the game's release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chalk |first=Andy |date=2025-04-22 |title=Oblivion Remastered doesn't officially support mods, but the mods are rolling in anyway |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/rpg/oblivion-remastered-doesnt-officially-support-mods-but-the-mods-are-rolling-in-anyway/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>

Video game developer reception of player contribution in creating new material for games and mod-communities is varied. Some software companies openly accept and even encourage such communities, with moddability being a contributing factor to the some games' success. Others have chosen to enclose their games in heavily-policed copyright or Intellectual Property regimes (IPR) and shut down sites infringing on their ownership of a game, an action which can have a detrimental effect on the sales of the game(s) in question.<ref>Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, New Media: an introduction (second edition), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101-114.</ref>

Modding may have varying support from their publishers and developers and may require expensive professional software to make. One such example is ''[[Homeworld 2]]'', which requires the program [[Maya (software)|Maya]] to build new in-game objects. Free and even open-source modeling programs (such as [[Blender (software)|Blender]]) can be used as well. For advanced mods and total conversions, complicated modeling and texturing software is required to make original content. Advanced mods can rival the complexity and work of making the original game content (short of the engine itself), rendering the differences in ease of modding small in comparison to the total amount of work required. Having an engine that is, for example, easy to import models to is of little help when doing research, modeling, and making a photorealistic texture for a game item. As a result, other game characteristics such as its popularity and capabilities have a dominating effect on the number of mods created for the game by users.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Video game developer reception of player contribution in creating new material for games and mod-communities is varied. Some software companies openly accept and even encourage such communities, with moddability being a contributing factor to the some games' success. Others have chosen to enclose their games in heavily-policed copyright or Intellectual Property regimes (IPR) and shut down sites infringing on their ownership of a game, an action which can have a detrimental effect on the sales of the game(s) in question.<ref>Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, New Media: an introduction (second edition), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101-114.</ref>

== Motivations ==

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=== Convergence culture ===

[[File:CJ, Kratos and Snow White in Guitar Hero.png|thumb|220px|right|Custom character models such as [[Kratos (God of War)|Kratos]], [[Carl Johnson (Grand Theft Auto)|Carl Johnson]] and [[Snow White (Disney character)|Snow White]] in ''[[Guitar Hero World Tour]]'' are a popular form of mod, allowing fans to come up with their own humorous [[fictional crossover]]s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}]]Modding has been described as a part of [[remix culture]]<ref name="auto6">{{cite journal |last1=Scacchi |first1=Walt |date=3 May 2010 |title=Computer game mods, modders, modding, and the mod scene |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=5 |doi=10.5210/fm.v15i5.2965 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and as a successor to the [[hacker culture]] that produced the first video games.<ref name="auto2" /> It has been correlated with the introduction of [[Web 2.0]], which encourages collaboration and participation via the Internet through the production and alteration of [[user-generated content]]. The sense of community,<ref name="auto3" /> feedback, recognition, and sources of inspiration fostered through online, collaborative discussions are various motivators that influence the development and sharing of mods.<ref name=":15" />

The proliferation of mod culture exemplifies the overlap between media consumption and production.<ref name=":16" /> Modding is viewed as a way to increase enjoyment of the game through personalization, such as the inclusion of popular or national culture of personal significance.<ref name="auto3" /> With the provision of modding tools by the developer, players are granted agency to contribute to their entertainment experience.<ref name=":15" /> Modding is akin to other user-made practices in video game consumption, including [[speedrunning]] and [[Machinima|machinima—]]<nowiki/>all of which appropriate the original game and transform it into something new, exemplifying the flexibility of the video game space.<ref name=":30" />

A recurring trend with video game mods is the creation of user-made skins and/or character models replacing the default models, including [[Internet meme|meme]] or joke mods, such as those replacing models with Carl Johnson from ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' and [[Thomas the Tank Engine]].<ref name="Mathur">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Moulik |date=2023-09-08 |title=Armored Core 6 Modders Thought It Was a Great Idea to Add Thomas the Tank Engine after CJ from GTA |url=https://in.ign.com/armored-core-vi-fires-of-rubicon/193571/news/armored-core-6-modders-thought-it-was-a-great-idea-to-add-thomas-the-tank-engine-after-cj-from-gta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324131802/https://in.ign.com/armored-core-vi-fires-of-rubicon/193571/news/armored-core-6-modders-thought-it-was-a-great-idea-to-add-thomas-the-tank-engine-after-cj-from-gta |archive-date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref>

=== Community ===

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The desire to enhance game realism is a factor in the recreation of real-world elements through modding. Real-life locations are added via modding to extend the map, such as the addition of Polish settlements and landmarks in [[Euro Truck Simulator 2|''Euro Truck Simulator 2'']]. In games such as ''Euro Truck Simulator'' and [[Second Life|''Second Life'']], mods accurately reproduce brands and real-life products, while others invent fictitious brands that share similarities to real ones, such as 'McDowel' restaurant mods for ''Second Life'', which imitate [[McDonald's]].<ref name=":21" /> Modders have recorded weapon sounds to be used for their mods.<ref name="auto3" />

Mods can be a tool to create diversity and recreate body images from real life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sihvonen |first=Tanja |title=Players unleashed! modding the Sims and the culture of gaming |date=2011 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-201-1 |series=Mediamatters |___location=Amsterdam |chapter=Extending the game}}</ref> For players who identify as [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]], motivations for modding can stem from a lack of representation in the game and the modding community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Tom |date=December 2018 |title=The Affectively Necessary Labour of Queer Mods |url=https://gamestudies.org/1803/articles/welch |journal=Game Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |issn=1604-7982}}</ref> Options for homosexual romance and character genders are made available through "queer mods", as dubbed by Researcher Evan Lauteria. Examples include the "Equal Love Mod" for [[Dragon Age: Origins|''Dragon Age: Origins'']] and a similar mod for [[Mass Effect (video game)|''Mass Effect'']], which enable romance with characters normally unavailable for their protagonist's gender. Research Evan Lauteria theorized that queer mods can be an act of "resistance" against the limitations on sexual normativity enacted by the game, such as compulsory heterosexuality.<ref name="Lauteria">{{cite journal |last1=Lauteria |first1=Evan W |date=2015 |title=Ga(y)mer Theory: Queer Modding as Resistance |url=http://reconstruction.digitalodu.com/Issues/122/Lauteria_Evan.shtml |journal=Reconstruction |volume=12 |issue=2}}</ref>

== Impact ==

The game industry's support of modding has been crucial to the rise of the modding phenomenon.<ref name=":16" /> In contrast to the [[Music industry|music]] and [[Film industry|film]] industries, which discourage unauthorized modification and adaptation of their mediums through copyright law, many video game companies encourage modding of their games for creative inspiration, commercial success,<ref name=":23" /> and as a marketing strategy.<ref name=":2" /> Modding can extend the shelf life of games, leading to increased revenue for their developers and publishers.<ref name=":15" /> [[Valve]] attributed the long-lasting success of ''[[Half-Life (video game)|Half-Life]]'', whose sales figures increased over the first three years of its release, to popular mods for the game.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |last1=Hyman |first1=Paul |title=Video game companies encourage 'modders' |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000484956 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506004712/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000484956 |archive-date=May 6, 2008 |date=April 9, 2004}}</ref> Beginning in 1999, the company held an annual mod expo showcasing new games built using [[GoldSrc]], the ''Half-Life'' engine, including [[Gunman Chronicles|''Gunman Chronicles'']] and ''[[Counter-Strike (video game)|Counter Strike]]'' which both later released as stand-alone titles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Trey |date=17 May 2006 |title=Half-Life Mod Expo mods announced |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/half-life-mod-expo-mods-announced/1100-2875097/ |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> In early 2012, the ''[[DayZ (mod)|DayZ]]'' mod for ''ARMA 2'' was released, causing a massive increase in sales for the three-year-old game and putting it in the top spot for online game sales for a number of months.<ref name="CinemaBlend_1Jul12">{{cite news|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/games/DayZ-Helps-Arma-2-Rack-Up-More-Than-300-000-Sales-44161.html|title=DayZ Helps Arma 2 Rack Up More Than 300,000 In Sales|publisher=Cinema Blend|last=Usher |first=William|date=1 July 2012|access-date=2012-07-03}}</ref>

Creative collaboration through game modding communities is an influential medium.<ref name=":15" /> With the success of ''Counter Strike'', game industries recognized the potential benefits of modding;<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |date=January 2012 |title=SPARE THE MOD: IN SUPPORT OF TOTAL-CONVERSION MODIFIED VIDEO GAMES |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40064316 |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=789–810 |access-date=July 30, 2025 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> user-developed mods can test new approaches for video game development, offloading time and cost from the developer who may then adopt mod changes and additions for official releases.<ref name=":15" /> The developer of the ''[[Civilization (series)|Civilization]]'' series, [[Firaxis]] has included user mods, such as the "Best of the Net" collection and "Double Your Pleasure", throughout expansion packs for the franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/pc-games/civilization-iii-play-the/4505-9696_7-30742336.html|title=Civilization III: Play the World Overview|website=CNET|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rhye.civfanatics.net/pages/civ4-RFC-description.php|title=Sid Meier's Civilization Mods by Rhye - Rhye's and Fall of Civilization|website=rhye.civfanatics.net|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kael.civfanatics.net/Ice.shtml|title=Fall from Heaven|website=kael.civfanatics.net|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> Series developer [[Sid Meier]], who had previously opposed mods in the franchise, later said that "the strength of the modding community is [...] the very reason the series survived".<ref name="jahromi20210922">{{Cite magazine |last=Jahromi |first=Neima |date=2021-09-22 |title=Sid Meier and the Meaning of "Civilization" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/sid-meier-and-the-meaning-of-civilization |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> Valve hired ''Defense of the Ancients'' lead designer [[IceFrog]] for the development of the stand-alone, official sequel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Biessener |first=Adam |date=October 13, 2010 |title=Valve's New Game Announced, Detailed: Dota 2 |url=https://gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2010/10/13/dota-2-announced-details.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819120623/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2010/10/13/dota-2-announced-details.aspx |archive-date=August 19, 2012 |access-date=October 14, 2019 |publisher=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref>

The game industry's support of modding has been crucial to the rise of the modding phenomenon.<ref name=":16" />

The introduction of real-life brands through video game mods can result in positive brand reception, increased further through these dissemination of these mods on forums and video hosting websites.<ref name=":21" />

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A ''total conversion'' is a mod of an existing game that extensively removes aspects of the original game, including art, characters, plot, and music, and replaces it with new assets that run on the game's engine<ref name=":18" /> Total conversions can result in a completely different [[video game genres|genre]] from the original.

The ''Half-Life'' modding community splintered across the different total conversions available, often modding for a particular total conversion rather than ''Half-Life'' in general.<ref name=":2" /> Examples of famous total conversions include ''[[Counter-Strike (video game)|Counter-Strike]]'', whose developers were hired by Valve to create a standalone version,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/02/10/best-total-conversion-mods/|title=Best total conversion mods|last=Donnelly|first=Joe|date=2017-02-10|journal=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref> ''[[Defense of the Ancients]]'', which was the first MOBA to have sponsored tournaments,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=8 of the Coolest Total Conversion Mods Ever Made |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/features/galleryoftheday/13909-8-of-the-Best-Total-Conversion-Mods-of-All-Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121205708/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/features/galleryoftheday/13909-8-of-the-Best-Total-Conversion-Mods-of-All-Time |archive-date=2020-01-21 |access-date=2017-07-19 |work=The Escapist}}</ref> and ''[[Garry's Mod]]'', for which fans created thousands of game modes over its decade-long development.<ref name=":1" /> The ''[[Half-Life (video game)|Half-Life]]'' modding community splintered across the different total conversions available, often modding for a particular total conversion rather than ''Half-Life'' in general.<ref name=":2" />

Many popular total conversions are later turned into standalone games, replacing any remaining original assets to allow for commercial sale without [[copyright infringement]]. Some of these mods are even approved for sale while using the [[Intellectual property|IP]] of the original game, such as ''[[Black Mesa (video game)|Black Mesa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-11-20-valve-gives-black-mesa-permission-to-be-a-commercial-product|title=Valve gives Black Mesa permission to be a commercial product|last=Matulef|first=Jeffrey|date=2013-11-20|website=Eurogamer|language=en-UK|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref> [[League of Legends|''League of Legends'']] and [[Dota 2|''Dota 2'']] were both originally mods for [[Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos|''Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos'']].<ref>{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Jim |date=May 11, 2012 |title=Valve, Blizzard Reach DOTA Trademark Agreement |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2012/05/11/valve-blizzard-reach-dota-trademark-agreement.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724090129/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2012/05/11/valve-blizzard-reach-dota-trademark-agreement.aspx |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |access-date=March 30, 2016 |publisher=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref><ref name=":11" />

Due to the increasing complexity of games, the amount and quality of total conversion mods has decreased. Modders also blame a lack of resources, the remote chances of profit (due to EULAs prohibiting the sale of mods), and the likelihood of a [[Notice and take down|takedown notice]] from game companies as significant barriers to entry.<ref name=":18" />