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Riga 42:

Il 38º e attuale ''speaker'' è [[Greg Fergus]], dal 3 ottobre 2023.

==Ruolo==

In Canada è responsabilità dello speaker gestire la Camera dei Comuni e supervisionare il suo personale. È anche dovere dello speaker fungere da collegamento con il [[Senato del Canada|Senato]] e [[Monarchia del Canada|la Corona]]. They are to rule over the house and have the government answer questions during the question period as well as keep decorum with the house. The speaker receives a salary of [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]299,900 ($203,100 as an MP in addition to $96,800 as speaker)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indemnities, Salaries and Allowances|url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries|access-date=2024-09-13|website=lop.parl.ca}}</ref> and has use of a small apartment, in the House of Commons, and an [[official residence]], [[The Farm (Canada)|The Farm]], an estate located at [[Kingsmere]] in [[Gatineau Park]], [[Quebec]], across the river from [[Ottawa]].<ref name=Ottawa2011-03-25/><ref name=Huff2015-11-27/><ref name=TorSun2018-12-16/><ref name=CPressYoutube/> In 2015 the speaker managed a budget of $414 million.

Along with the Senate speaker, the speaker of the House is responsible for the [[Parliamentary Protective Service]], which provides security to [[Parliament Hill]] with the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Protective Service Directors|url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/Parliament/OfficersParliament/ParliamentaryProtectiveServiceDirectors|access-date=2020-06-08|website=lop.parl.ca}}</ref>

The term "speaker" originates from the British parliamentary tradition. The French term now used in Canada is {{langx|fr|président|label=none}} (president, chairperson, or presiding officer); the term {{langx|fr|orateur|label=none}}, a [[calque]] (literal translation) of "speaker" and formerly the term used in France for the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], was used until the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416003412/http://www.parl.gc.ca/infoparl/english/issue.htm?param=107&art=563|archive-date=16 April 2005|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Infoparl/english/issue.htm?param=107&art=563|title=What's in a Name: Speaker/Orateur/Président|access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref>

The speaker and their deputies preside over debates of the House of Commons, invite particular members to speak, maintain order and decorum (including reproving members who misbehave), and make rulings on [[point of order|points of order]] and [[point of privilege|points of privilege]]. By parliamentary rule and tradition, all statements in the House are addressed to the speaker, never to another member. For example, one does not say, "Prime Minister, will you explain to this House...", or "Thank you for the question." Instead, one would say, "Mr. Speaker, will the Prime Minister explain to this House..." or "Madam Speaker, I thank the honourable member for her question." Members are not allowed to speak while the speaker is speaking, and must sit down when the speaker rises to speak.

By convention, speakers are normally addressed in Parliament as "Mr. Speaker" (''monsieur le président'') for a man, and "Madam Speaker" (''madame la présidente'') for a woman; the speaker has also been addressed using the [[Inuktitut]] term ᐅᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨ ''(Uqaqtittiji)''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Idlout |first1=Lori |title=Thank you for acknowledging the indigenous territory and languages in your acceptance. I will be calling you Uqaqtittiji, this is what is used in the Nunavut legislature for Speaker |url=https://twitter.com/LoriIdlout/status/1463133401280565253 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en |date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=House of Commons Debates Official Record (Hansard) |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/house/sitting-2/hansard#Int-11426995 |website=Parliament of Canada |access-date=27 September 2023 |___location=1515 |date=23 November 2021 |quote=Uqaqtittiji, first, it was incredible to hear a part of the throne speech delivered in Inuktitut. Canada is richer for it and my sincere congratulations to Her Excellency Mary May Simon. I love that a qulliq was lit beside her and that I could smell it from where I stood. (Lori Idlout)}}</ref> Deputies of the speaker who are presiding at a given time are also addressed as "Mr./Madam Speaker."

==Elezione==

[[Image:Commons-chamber.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The chamber of the House of Commons; the Speaker's chair is front and centre in the room.]]

[[Image:Speaker Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Plaque at the western entrance of the [[Centre Block]] of [[Parliament Hill]]]]

Sebbene la Costituzione richieda che lo speaker sia eletto dalla Camera dei Comuni, tradizionalmente ciò equivaleva all'approvazione di un deputato nominato dal [[Primo Ministto del Canada|primo ministro]].<ref name=PeterMilikenYoutube/> Tuttavia, nel 1986 la situazione è stata modificata ed ora lo speaker è eletto a [[scrutinio segreto]]. Lo speaker rimane un deputato in carica, ma vota solo in caso di parità.

All MPs except for [[Canadian Cabinet|Cabinet]] ministers and party leaders are eligible to run for speaker. Any MP who does not wish to put their name forward must issue a letter withdrawing from the ballot by the day before the vote. All MPs who do not remove their name from the ballot as of 6pm the day before the election are listed as candidates on the ballot and are allowed a five-minute speech to persuade their colleagues as to why they should be elected.

Il [[Dean of the House (Canada)|decano della Camera]] supervisiona l'elezione del presidente. L'attuale decano è [[Louis Plamondon]], che è anche il deputato più longevo che non fa parte del Gabinetto.

All candidates who receive less than 5% of the vote are removed from the ballot. If no candidate received less than 5% of the vote then the MP with the fewest vote drops off. This continues, with a one-hour break between ballots, until one candidate receives more than 50% of the vote. In the event of a tie on the final ballot, the ballot is taken again. This happened once, in 1993, when [[Gilbert Parent]] won over [[Jean-Robert Gauthier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpac.ca/forms/index.asp?dsp=template&act=view3&template_id=1428&hl=e#tip1|title=CPAC|author=CPAC|access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref>

The winner is escorted to the speaker's chair by the prime minister and leader of the Official Opposition. The newly elected speaker, by tradition, feigns reluctance as they are "dragged" to the chair<ref>[https://nationalpost.com/todays-paper/Speaker+chair+cushy/4884949/story.html]{{dead link|date=July 2017}}</ref> in a practice dating from the days when British speakers risked execution if the news they reported to the king was displeasing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/traditions/ |title=About Parliament: Traditions of Parliament |publisher=parliament.co.uk |access-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref>

On June 2, 2011, [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] [[Andrew Scheer]] ([[Regina—Qu'Appelle]]) was elected speaker, defeating the following MPs over the course of six ballots: [[New Democratic Party|New Democrat]] [[Denise Savoie]] ([[Victoria (British Columbia federal electoral district)|Victoria]]) and Conservatives [[Dean Allison]] ([[Niagara West—Glanbrook]]), [[Barry Devolin]] ([[Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock (federal electoral district)|Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock]]), [[Ed Holder]] ([[London West (federal electoral district)|London West]]), [[Lee Richardson (politician)|Lee Richardson]] ([[Calgary Centre]]), [[Bruce Stanton]] ([[Simcoe North (federal electoral district)|Simcoe North]]), and [[Merv Tweed]] ([[Brandon—Souris]]). At the age of {{ayd|1979|5|20|2011|6|2}}, Scheer was the youngest Speaker in Canadian history.

On December 2, 2015, [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Geoff Regan]] was elected speaker by members of the [[42nd Canadian Parliament|42nd Parliament]] over fellow Liberal candidates [[Denis Paradis]], [[Yasmin Ratansi]] and Conservative [[Bruce Stanton]].<ref>{{cite news|title = Meet Geoff Regan, the new Speaker of the House of Commons|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/speaker-house-geoff-regan-liberal-mp-1.3349744|website = www.cbc.ca|access-date = December 4, 2015}}</ref> He was the first speaker from Atlantic Canada or Nova Scotia in nearly a hundred years<ref>{{cite news|title = Geoff Regan elected House Speaker as 42nd Parliament opens|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament-opens-speaker-election-1.3348640|website = www.cbc.ca|access-date = December 4, 2015}}</ref> since [[Edgar Nelson Rhodes]] [[#List of Speakers of the House of Commons|in 1922]].

[[Anthony Rota]] was elected as 37th speaker on December 5, 2019, by winning a ranked ballot between himself, [[Joël Godin]], [[Carol Hughes (politician)|Carol Hughes]], [[Geoff Regan]] (the speaker during the previous Parliament), and [[Bruce Stanton]].<ref name="speaker">{{cite news |last1=Tunney |first1=Catharine |last2=Zimonjic |first2=Peter |last3=Harris |first3=Kathleen |title=Liberal MP Anthony Rota elected Speaker of the House of Commons |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/speaker-house-of-commons-rota-1.5384728 |access-date=16 December 2019 |publisher=CBC News |date=5 December 2019}}</ref> Following Rota's win, the Conservatives said that he had them to thank for his new election, after they decided in a Conservative caucus meeting to unseat Regan as a show of strength to the Liberal [[minority government]] that had obtained from [[2019 Canadian federal election|the election that October 21]]. They did so by ranking Regan lower on the ranked ballot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/speech-from-the-throne-liberals-seek-common-ground-with-opposition-parties|title=Liberal MP Anthony Rota elected Speaker. You're welcome, Conservatives say|date=December 5, 2019|website=National Post|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.burnabynow.com/liberal-mp-anthony-rota-upsets-regan-to-become-speaker-in-minority-parliament-1.24028433|title=Liberal MP Anthony Rota upsets Regan to become Speaker in minority Parliament|date=December 5, 2019|website=Burnaby Now|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>

===Opposition speakers===

The speaker usually comes from among MPs of the governing party. But because they cannot vote unless their vote would break a tie and [[Speaker Denison's rule|by convention]] must vote to maintain the [[status quo]] (which includes voting confidence in the government), a minority government can slightly weaken the opposition's power by electing an opposition speaker.

Speakers have been elected from opposition parties during the 1926 tenure of [[Arthur Meighen]]'s Conservative ministry, the 1979 ministry of [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] [[Joe Clark]], and [[Stephen Harper]]'s Conservative Ministry from 2006 to 2011. In the [[39th Canadian Parliament|39th Parliament]], opposition members [[Peter Milliken]], [[Diane Marleau]], and [[Marcel Proulx]] ran for speaker. In 1957, when [[John Diefenbaker]] took power with a minority Progressive Conservative government, he offered the speaker's chair to [[Stanley Knowles]] of the opposition [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (the precursor to the New Democratic Party, or NDP) who declined. So far, every speaker from an opposition party has been a Liberal. Louis Plamondon, who became interim speaker on September 28, 2023 following the resignation of Anthony Rota and will serve until the election of a new speaker in early October, is a member of the [[Bloc Québécois]].

==Impartiality==

The speaker is required to perform their office impartially, but does not resign from their party membership upon taking office, as is done in the United Kingdom. Speaker [[Lucien Lamoureux]], the 27th holder, decided to follow the custom of the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]] of the United Kingdom and ran in the [[1968 Canadian federal election|1968 election]] as an [[independent politician|independent]]. Both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party agreed not to run candidates against him. The New Democratic Party, however, declined to withdraw their candidate. Lamoureux was re-elected and continued to serve as speaker. However, in the [[1972 Canadian federal election|1972 election]], the opposition parties did not come to an agreement and ran candidates against him. Lamoureux was again returned but no subsequent speakers have repeated his attempt to run as an independent. The opposition parties may have chosen not to follow the 1968 precedent because of how close the election was: it produced a Liberal minority government with just two more seats than the Conservatives.

==Tie-breaking votes==

On May 19, 2005, Speaker [[Peter Milliken]] was required to cast the tie-breaking vote during a confidence measure for the first time in Canadian history. Faced with the defeat of [[Paul Martin]]'s minority government, Milliken voted in favour of the [[2005 Canadian federal budget#Changes following the Liberal-NDP deal|NDP budget amendment]]. Despite popular belief that the speaker, as a Liberal MP, would automatically support the government, his vote was pre-determined by other factors. As speaker, Milliken's vote must be cast to allow the continuation of debate, or to maintain the status quo, a reflection of [[Speaker Denison's rule]] practiced in the British House of Commons. Thus, the speaker voted in favour of [[second reading]], "to allow the House time for further debate so that it can make its own decision at some future time."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Canadian Press|title=Speaker's vote breaks first no-confidence tie|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/speakers-vote-breaks-first-no-confidence-tie/article18227589/|website=theglobeandmail.com|publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc|access-date=November 3, 2015|date=May 20, 2005}}</ref> The bill would later pass third reading without the need for Milliken's vote.

Speakers have only needed to vote in order to break a tie 11 times in Canadian parliamentary history. Milliken did so on five occasions, almost as many as all previous speakers combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/Canada/1147275.html |access-date=October 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015022914/http://thechronicleherald.ca/Canada/1147275.html|title=3,178 days and counting |archive-date=October 15, 2009 }}</ref>

==Deputy speaker==

In addition to the speaker, a deputy speaker, also known as the '''Chair of Committees''' (of the whole), is elected at the beginning of each parliament to act in place of the speaker when the latter is unavailable. Under the Standing Orders, the speaker, after consulting with each of the party leaders, nominates a candidate for deputy speaker to the House, which then votes on that nomination. The deputy speaker presides over daily sessions of the House when the speaker is not in the chair. The deputy speaker also chairs the House when it sits as a Committee of the Whole. Other presiding officers, the deputy chair of committees and the assistant deputy chair of committees, are chosen each session to occupy the chair when the speaker and deputy speaker are not available. The deputy speaker and the other presiding officers are members of the Panel of Chairs, and can therefore be selected by the speaker to chair legislative committees. Like the speaker, the deputy speaker has a role in administering the House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/House/Speaker/deputy_speakers/index_e.html|title=The Speaker of the House of Commons|access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref>

The deputy speaker of the [[44th Canadian Parliament]] was [[Chris d'Entremont]] (Conservative); and the assistant deputy speaker was [[Carol Hughes (politician)|Carol Hughes]] (NDP).<ref name=pco44>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parliamentarians/en/chair-occupants/Index?parliament=44|title=Speaker and Other Presiding Officers of the 44th Parliament|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

The Chair of Committees is vested by Subsection 43(1) of the [[Parliament of Canada Act]] with full and adequate authority to address matters in the titular Speaker's absence: "Whenever the House of Commons is informed of the unavoidable absence of the Speaker thereof by the Clerk at the table, the Chairman of Committees, if present, shall take the chair and perform the duties and exercise the authority of Speaker in relation to all the proceedings of the House, as Deputy Speaker."<ref name="hbs45">{{cite news |last1=Brassard |first1=John |title=44TH PARLIAMENT, 1ST SESSION EDITED HANSARD • No. 045 CONTENTS THURSDAY, MARCH 24, 2022 |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/house/sitting-45/hansard |agency=Hansard |publisher=Parliament of Canada |date=24 March 2022}}</ref>

==Retirement==

Most former speakers retire from Parliament after their tenure as speaker, sometimes after returning to the [[backbench]] for a period. Several have been appointed to diplomatic positions, summoned to the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]], or appointed to a vice-regal position such as [[lieutenant-governor]] of a province or, in two cases, [[Governor General of Canada|governor general of Canada]] ([[Roland Michener]] and [[Jeanne Sauvé]]). While several former Cabinet ministers have served as speaker or stood for the position, no former speakers have subsequently been appointed to Cabinet. One speaker, [[Andrew Scheer]], has gone on to assume a [[front bench]] position in the House of Commons: Scheer became leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in [[2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election|2017]] and served as [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|leader of the Opposition]] from 2017 to 2020.

==Interim speaker==

The resignation of Speaker Anthony Rota on September 27, 2023, led to an unprecedented situation in which there was no Speaker while the House had several sitting days already planned. To give time for the election of a new Speaker to be organized, the House agreed by [[unanimous consent]] on September 26 to name [[Louis Plamondon]] of the [[Bloc Québécois]] as interim Speaker until the election. He was chosen as interim speaker by virtue of his status as [[Dean of the House (Canada)|Dean of the House]], the longest-serving MP who is not a cabinet member or party leader; the Dean of the House is in any event in charge of presiding over the election of a Speaker at the beginning of a new Parliament. <ref name="Hansard_UNA">{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Canada |title=BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/441/Debates/224/HAN224-E.PDF |house=[[House of Commons of Canada]] |date=September 26, 2023 |pages=17002-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Marquis |first1=Mélanie |last2=Bellavance |first2=Joël-Denis |title=Ex-soldat nazi applaudi aux Communes: Le président Anthony Rota démissionne |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/2023-09-26/ex-soldat-nazi-applaudi-aux-communes/le-president-anthony-rota-demissionne.php |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=La Presse |date=26 September 2023 |language=fr-CA}}</ref>

==Honorary Speaker==

On March 9, 2016 Liberal MP [[Mauril Bélanger]] served as honorary speaker for about an hour to honour his years of service.<ref name="ipolitics1">{{cite web|author=The Canadian Press Politics |url=https://ipolitics.ca/2016/03/08/mauril-belanger-to-take-speakers-chair-though-als-has-robbed-him-of-speech/ |title=Mauril Belanger to take Speaker's chair, though ALS has robbed him of speech |publisher=Ipolitics.ca |date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=July 8, 2017}}</ref> Speaker Regan resumed his duties for the remainder of the sitting of the House.

Mauril Bélanger had initially been considered a front runner for the post of Speaker the previous year, but had withdrawn due to his being diagnosed with [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]. Bélanger died on August 15, 2016, five months after being named honorary speaker.<ref name="ipolitics1"/>

==Counterparts==

The speaker's counterpart in the [[Senate of Canada|upper house]] is the [[speaker of the Senate of Canada]]. Canadian provincial and territorial [[legislature]]s also have speakers with much the same roles. The position was preceded by the [[speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada]].

== Elenco degli speaker ==

Riga 451 ⟶ 518:

[Categoria:Liste di presidenti di assemblee parlamentari|Camera dei comuni (Canada)]

=[[Tombe dei sovrani d'Italia]]=