AIDS: differenze tra le versioni

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HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) is a metabolic [[encephalopathy]] induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of brain [[macrophage]]s and [[microglia]] (Gray et al., 2001). These cells are actively infected with HIV and secrete neurotoxins of both host and viral origin. Specific neurologic impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and is associated with low CD4+ T cell levels and high plasma viral loads. Prevalence is between 15-30% in Western countries (Heaton et al., 1995; White et al., 1995) and has only been seen in 1-2% of India based infections (Satischandra et al., 2000; Wadia et al., 2001).

==TransmissionTrasmissione==

Dagli inizi dell'[[epidemia]], sono state individuate principalmente tre vie di trasmissioni dell'HIV:

Since the beginning of the [[epidemic]], three main transmission routes of HIV have been identified:

* '''Sexual routeSessualmente.''' TheLa majoritymaggior ofparte HIVdelle infectionsinfezioni havedel virus dell'HIV beenavvennero, ande stillavvengono aretuttora, acquiredattraverso throughrapporti unprotectedsessuali sexualnon relationsprotetti. SexualLa transmissiontrasmissione occurssessuale whenpuò thereinsorgere isquando contactc'è betweencontatto sexualfra secretionsle ofsecrezioni onesessuali di un partner withinfetto con theil rectalretto, genitalgenitali oro mouthbocca [[Mucous membrane|mucous membranes]] of anotherdell'altro.

* '''Blood or blood product route.''' This transmission route is particularly important for intravenous drug users, [[Haemophilia|hemophiliac]]s and recipients of [[blood transfusion]]s and blood products. Health care workers (nurses, laboratory workers, doctors etc) are also concerned, although more rarely. Also concerned by this route are people who give and receive tattoos and piercings.