Funerale vichingo: differenze tra le versioni

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{{T|inglese|storia|data=settembre 2008}}
[[Immagine:Funeral of russian noble by Siemiradzki.jpg|thumb|350px|right|La nave funeraria del capo vichingo ([[Variago]]) [[Igor il Vecchio]] nel [[Rus' di kiev]], secondo [[Heinrich Semiradzki]] (1845-1902).]]
I [[vichinghi]] cremavano solitamente i loro morti in [[barche funerarie]], come provato da reperti archeologici, [[saga|saghe]], ladella letteratura norrena, e dal racconto di [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]]. I funerali vichinghi che vennero effettuati a terra hanno premesso agli archeologi di studiare le varie tradizionetradizioni scandinave dell'età vichinga.
 
Il morto era solitamente deposto in una barca, odo in una [[nave di pietra]], assieme a delle offerte funebri stabilite in base allo status e alla professione del deceduto. Queste offerte potevano includere [[sacrifici]] di schiavi. Infine il tutto veniva coperto di pietre e terra e veniva creato un [[tumulo]].
 
In Scandinavia rimangono numerosi tumuli di questo titpotipo, eretti in onore di re e capitani vichinghi. Alcuni dei più importanti sono quelli del cimitero del colle di [[Borre (Norvegia)|Borre]], in [[Norvegia]], e il [[Lindholm Høje]] e [[Jelling]] in [[Danimarca]].
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==Grave goods==
[[Immagine:Finds from a priestess' grave.jpg|thumb|right|Grave goods from a [[Völva]]'s grave in [[Köpingsvik]], [[Öland]]. There is an 82 cm long [[wand]] of iron with bronze details and a unique model of a house on the top. The finds are on display in the [[Swedish Museum of National Antiquities]] in [[Stockholm]].]]
It was common to leave gifts with the deceased. Both men and women received [[grave goods]], even if the corpse was to be burnt on a pyre. The amount and the value of the goods depended on which social group the dead person came from.<ref name="steins84">Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:84</ref> It was important to bury the dead in the right way so that he could join the afterlife with the same social standing that he had had in life, and to avoid becoming a homeless soul that wandered eternally.<ref name="Gräslund11"/>
 
==Oggetti tombali==
The usual grave for a [[thrall]] was probably not much more than a hole in the ground.<ref name="steins84"/> He was probably buried in such a way as to ensure both that he did not return to haunt his masters and that he could be of use to his masters after they died. Slaves were sometimes sacrificed to be useful in the next life<ref name="Gräslund11"/> (see the [[#Human sacrifice|human sacrifice section]], below). A free man was usually given weapons and equipment for riding. An artisan, such as a blacksmith, could receive his entire set of tools. Women were provided with their jewelry and often with tools for female and household activities. The most sumptuous Viking funeral discovered so far is the [[Oseberg ship]] burial, which was for a woman (probably a queen or a priestess) who lived in the 9th century.<ref name="steins84"/><ref name="steins85"/>
[[Immagine:Finds from a priestess' grave.jpg|thumb|right|Oggetti tombali di una sepoltura [[Völva]] a[[Köpingsvik]], [[Öland]]. Tra essi una bacchetta di ferro lunga 82 cm, con dettagli in bronzo e il modellino di una casa sulla cima. i reperti sono in mostra nel [[Nuseo Archeologico Nazionale Svedese]] di [[Stoccolma]].]]
Era comune lasciare doni per i deceduti. Sia gli uomini che le donne ricevevano [[doni funerari]], anche se il cadavere sarebbe stato arso su una pira. La quantità e il valore dei doni dipendeva dal gruppo sociale di appartenenza da cui proveniva il defunto.<ref name="steins84">Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:84</ref> Era importante seppellire il morto nel modo corretto, così che potesse entrare nell'aldilà con la stessa posizione sociale che aveva avuto nella vita terrena, e per evitare che diventasse un'anima senza dimora, condannata a vagabondare in eterno.<ref name="Gräslund11"/>
 
La tomba tipica per un [[thrall]], probabilmente era poco più che una buca nel terreno.<ref name="steins84"/> Egli veniva sepolto in modo tale da assicurarsi che non potesse tornare a perseguitare i suoi padroni e che al tempo stesso potesse tornare loro utile nell'oltretomba. Gli schiavi talvolta venivano sacrificati per renderli utili nella vita ultraterrena<ref name="Gräslund11"/> (si veda la sezione [[#Sacrifici umani|sacrifici umani]], di seguito). Un uomo libero veniva solitamente sepolto con armi e l'equipaggiamento per cavalcare. un artigiano, come un fabbro ad esempio, poteva ricevere il suo intero corredo di atrezzi. Alle donne veniva fornita la propria gioielleria e spesso gli strumenti per le attività casalinghe. Il più sontuoso funerale vichingo finora scoperto e la sepoltura della [[nave di Oseberg]], fatto per una donna (probabilmente una regina o una sacerdotessa) che visse nel [[IX secolo]].<ref name="steins84"/><ref name="steins85"/>
==Funerary monuments==
 
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==Monumenti funebri==
[[Immagine:Stone ship.JPG|thumb|The deceased could be incinerated inside a stone ship. The picture shows two of the stone ships at Badelunda, near [[Västerås]], [[Sweden]].]]
A Viking funeral could be a considerable expense, but the barrow and the grave goods were not considered to have been wasted. In addition to being a homage to the deceased, the barrow remained as a monument to the social position of the descendants. Especially powerful [[Norse clans]] could demonstrate their position through monumental [[grave field]]s. The [[Borre mound cemetery]] in [[Vestfold]] is for instance connected to the [[Yngling]] dynasty, and it had large [[Tumulus|tumuli]] that contained [[stone ship]]s.<ref name="steins85">Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:85</ref>
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On three locations in [[Scandinavia]], there are large [[grave field]]s that were used by an entire community: [[Birka]] in [[Mälaren]], [[Hedeby]] at [[Schleswig]] and [[Lindholm Høje]] at [[Aalborg|Ålborg]].<ref name="steins85"/> The graves at Lindholm Høje show a large variation in both shape and size. There are [[stone ship]]s and there is a mix of graves that are triangular, quadrangular and circular. Such grave fields have been used during many generations and belong to village like settlements.<ref name="steins86">Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:86</ref>
 
==RitualsRituali==
Death has always been a critical moment for those bereaved, and consequently a case of death is surrounded by taboo-like rules.<ref name="steins86"/> Family life has to be reorganized and in order to master such transitions, people use rites.<ref name="steins86"/> The ceremonies are transitional rites that are intended to give the deceased peace in his or her new situation at the same time as they provide strength for the bereaved to carry on with their lives.<ref name="steins86"/>
 
Despite the warlike customs of the Vikings, there was an element of fear surrounding death and what belonged to it. If the deceased was not buried and provided for properly, he might not find peace in the afterlife. The dead person could then visit the bereaved as a [[Revenant (folklore)|revenant]]. Such a sight was frightful and ominous and usually it was interpreted as a sign that additional family members would die. It was first and foremost in times of starvation, when communities were struck with a series of misfortunes, that rumours about revenants began to flourish. The sagas tell of drastic precautions being taken after a revenant had appeared. The dead person had to die anew; a stake could be put through the corpse, or its head might be cut off in order to stop the deceased from finding its way back to the living.<ref name="steins87"/>
 
===Il resoconto di Ibn Fadlan's account===
A 10th century [[Arab]] [[Muslim]] [[writer]] named [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]] produced a description of a funeral of a Scandinavian,<ref name="Harrison79"/> probably Swedish,<ref name="steins88">Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:88</ref> chieftain who was on an expedition on the [[Volga trade route|eastern route]].<ref name="steins88"/> The account is a unique source on the ceremonies surrounding the Viking funeral,<ref name="steins88"/><ref name="steins90">Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:90</ref> of a chieftain or king.<ref name="steins90"/>
 
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Afterwards, a round barrow was built over the ashes and in the centre of the mound they erected a staff of birch wood, where they [[runic alphabet|carved]] the names of the dead chieftain and his king. Then they departed in their ships.<ref name="steins88ftr">Translated from Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:88ff</ref>
 
===HumanSacrifici sacrificeumani===
[[Immagine:Bödeln (1914), nr 241.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Sketch of the executioner during a pagan Norse sacrifice by [[Carl Larsson]], for ''[[Midvinterblot]]''.]]
Thralls could be sacrificed during a funeral so that they could serve their master in the next world.<ref name="Gräslund11">Gräslund 2000:11</ref> In Ibn Fadlan's account above, there is a description of a slave girl who was to be sacrificed and who had to undergo several sexual rites.<ref name="Harrison79">Harrison & Svensson 2007:79</ref> When the chieftain had been put in the ship, she went from tent to tent where she visited warriors and traders.<ref name="Harrison79"/> Every man told her that they did what they did for their love to the dead chieftain.<ref name="Harrison79"/> Lastly, she entered a tent that had been raised on the ship, and in it six men had intercourse with her before she was strangled and stabbed.<ref name="Harrison79"/> The sexual rites with the slave girl show that she was considered to be a vessel for the transmission of life force to the deceased chieftain.<ref name="steins89">Steinsland & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:89</ref>
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===CremationCremazione===
It was common to burn the corpse and the grave offerings on a [[pyre]], in which the temperature reached 1,400 degrees Celsius; much higher than modern [[cremation|crematorium furnace]]s attain. All that would remain was some incinerated fragments of metal and some animal and human bones. The pyre was constructed so that the pillar of smoke would be as massive as possible in order to elevate the deceased to the afterlife.<ref name="Gräslund12">Gräslund 2000:12</ref> The symbolism is described in the ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'':
{{Quote|Thus he ([[Odin]]) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone; which custom remained long after Odin's time. <ref>[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_02.php ''Ynglinga saga''] in English translation, at Northvegr.</ref>|}}
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Several of the large [[runestone]]s in Scandinavia notify of an inheritance,<ref name="steins87"/> such as the [[Hillersjö stone]] which explains how a lady came to inherit not only her children but also her grandchildren<ref name="harrison178">Harrison & Svensson 2007:178</ref> and the [[Greece Runestones#Ög 81|Högby Runestone]], which tells that a girl was the sole heir after the death of all her uncles.<ref name="Larsson141">Larsson 2002:141</ref> They are important proprietary documents from a time when legal decisions were not yet put to paper. One interpretation of the [[Tune Runestone]] from [[Østfold]] suggests that the long runic inscription deals with the funeral ale in honour of the master of a household and that it declares three daughters to be the rightful heirs. It is dated to the 5th century and it is consequently the oldest legal document from Scandinavia that talks of female right to inheritance.<ref name="steins87"/>
 
==See also==
*[[Death in Norse paganism]]
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==Vedi anche==
*[[Morte nel paganesimo norreno]]
 
==Note==
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