Cardinal nipote: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 22:24, 19 lug 2009

Versione delle 23:04, 19 lug 2009

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==Storia==

===Prima del 1566===

[[ImageFile:Façade du Palais des Papes.jpg|thumb|TheDurante il periodo della [[Avignoncattività Papacyavignonese]] (1309–-1377) producedil annumero [[Listdei ofcardinali cardinal-nephews#14thnipoti century|unprecedentedaumentò numberrapidamente of(nella cardinal-nephewsfoto, il [[palazzo dei Papi]] di Avignone.]]

TheLa creationcreazione ofdi cardinal-nephewscardinali predatesnipoti theè hierarchicalprecedente preeminencealla ofsupremazia cardinalsdei withincardinali theall'interno della [[Roman Catholic Churchgerarchia]], whichdella grew[[Chiesa outcattolica ofromana]], theche 1059si decreefa ofdatare [[Popealla Nicholas II]],bolla ''[[In Nominenomine Domini]]'', whichdi [[papa Niccolò II|Niccolò II]] establisheddel [[cardinal-bishop1059]]s, asche thestabiliva soleche electorsi ofsoli thecardinali-vescovi popeavrebbero avuto la facoltà di eleggere il pontefice, withcon theil consentconsenso ofdei [[cardinalcardinali-deacon]]spreti ande [[cardinaldei cardinali-priest]]s.diaconi<ref>Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/essay.htm Essay of a General List of Cardinals (112-2006)]".</ref>. TheIl first knownprimo cardinal-nephew isnipote Lotariosembra (orsia Loctarius),stato infatti Lotario seniore, cousincugino ofdi [[Popepapa BenedictBenedetto VIII]] ([[1012&ndash;]]-[[1024]]), electedcreato circanel [[1015.]] circa<ref name="mxi"/>. BenedictBenedetto VIII alsocreò elevatedanche hisil brotherfratello Giovanni (il futuro [[Popepapa JohnGiovanni XIX|Giovanni]]) (thee futureil Popecugino JohnTeofilatto XIX) and his cousin(futuro [[Popepapa BenedictBenedetto IX|Teofilatto]] (the future Pope Benedict IX) ascardinali cardinal-deaconsdiaconi.<ref name="mxi">Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xi.htm General list of Cardinals: XI Century (999–1099)]".</ref>. Possibly theForse firstil knownprimo cardinal-nephew afternipote posteriore al 1059 isfu [[AnselmAnselmo ofdi Lucca]], thenipote nephewo orfratello brother ofdi [[Popepapa AlexanderAlessandro II]] ([[1061&ndash;]]-[[1073]]),<ref name="mxi"/>, althoughtuttavia untilfino thealla endfine ofdel 12th[[XII thesecolo]] majoritysi oftratta thesolo allegeddi casescasi ofpresunti, sucho appointmentsperché areil dubious,legame eitherdi becauseparentela thefra relationshipil betweenpapa thee popeil andcardinale cardinal isnon notè provendimostrato, oro becauseperché thenon cardinalateè ofcerta thel'elevazione papalal kinsmancardinalato isdel uncertain.parente del papa<ref>ForPer thela discussiondiscussione concerningrelativa dubiousai casescasi seedubbi si veda la [[ListLista ofdei cardinal-nephewscardinali nipoti]].</ref>. HoweverTuttavia, itè iscerto beyondche, doubtnel that[[XIII thesecolo]], promotionsla ofnomina papala relativescardinali todi theparenti Collegedel ofpapa Cardinalsera wereuna [[Listpratica of cardinal-nephews#13th century|common in 13th century]]comune.

[[ImageFile:Tizian 068.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[PopePapa PaulPaolo III]] withcon hisil cardinal-nephew nipote [[Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)il Giovane|Alessandro Farnese]] ''(lefta sinistra)'' ande his otherl'altro grandsonnipote, [[Ottavio Farnese]], Dukeduca ofdi Parma]] ''(righta destra)'', nel celebre dipinto di [[Tiziano]]]]

AccordingSecondo tolo historianstorico John Bargrave, "by theil [[CouncilConcilio ofdi Florence|Council of BazillBasilea]], Sessionnella ventunesima 21sessione, thestabilì numberche ofil cardinalsnumero wasdei notcardinali tonon bedovesse abovesuperare le 24 unità, ande notche anynon nephewdovesse ofesservi thecompreso Popenessun ornipote ofdel anypapa cardinalo wasdi toun bealtro of that number.cardinale (''Session''Sessione 23.)"<ref>John Bargrave, John. 1867. ''Pope Alexander the Seventh and the College of Cardinals''., 1867, Camden Society., p. 3.</ref>.

[[ImageFile:Tizian Portrait of Ranuccio Farnese.jpg|thumb|[[Ranuccio Farnese (cardinal)|Ranuccio Farnese]] wasfu madecreato cardinalcardinale bydal Paulnonno, Paolo III, atall'età thedi age15 of 15anni.]]

[[PopePapa ClementClemente VI]] ([[1342&ndash;]]-[[1352]]) createdfu morecolui cardinal-nephewsche thancreò anyil othermaggior pontiffnumero di cardinali nipoti, includingsei sixsolo onnel September[[concistoro]] del [[20, settembre]] [[1342]], theil greatestpiù numberalto ofnumero cardinal-nephewsdi elevatedcardinali atnipoti onecreati timecontemporaneamente. TheLa capitolazione del [[conclave capitulation|capitulation]] of thedel [[Papal conclave, 1464|1464 papal conclave]] limitedimpose theal popepapa it electedeletto ([[PopePapa PaulPaolo II|Paolo II]]) toil appointinglimite onedi cardinal-nephew,un alongsolo withcardinal othernipote, conditionsassieme designedad toaltre increasecondizioni thestudiate powerper ofaumentare theil [[Collegepotere ofdel Cardinals]]collegio andcardinalizio reducea thescapito pope'sdi abilityquello todel dilute that power.papa<ref>Francis A. Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/election-paulii.htm The election of Pope Paul II (1464)]".</ref> .

TheIl [[FifthV CouncilConcilio ofLateranense]], thenel Lateran[[1514]], declaredaffermò inche 1514la thatsollecitudine theverso carei ofparenti relativesera wasraccomandabile toper beil commendedcristiano, ande thela creationcreazione ofdi cardinal-nephewscardinali wasnipoti oftenfu recommendedspesso orconsigliata justifiedo basedgiustificata oncon thela neednecessità todi careprovvedere fora indigentfamiliari family members.bisognosi<ref name="nepotism"/>. AUn cardinal-nephew couldnipote, di regola, usuallypoteva expectaspettarsi profitableincarichi appointments;remunerativi: forad exampleesempio, [[Alessandro CardinalFarnese il Giovane|Alessandro Farnese]], cardinal-nephew ofnipote di [[Popepapa PaulPaolo III]] ([[1534&ndash;]]-[[1549]]) helddeteneva simultaneamente 64 [[beneficebeneficio ecclesiastico|benefici]]s simultaneously, in additionaggiunta toalla thecarica di vice-chancellorship.cancelliere<ref>Ekelund et al., 2004, p. 703.</ref>.

[[PopePapa PaulPaolo IV]] ([[1555&ndash;]]-[[1559]]), in hisetà old ageavanzata, wassecondo saidl'opinione tocomune haveall'epoca, "fallenera almostcaduto completelyquasi undercompletamente thesotto cardinal-nephewl'sinfluenza del cardinal influencenipote";<ref>Setton, 1984, p. 639.</ref>: Paul IV's cardinal-nephewcostui, [[Carlo Carafa (cardinale)|Carlo Carafa]], wasfu accusedaccusato innell'[[agosto]] Augustdel [[1558]] da byun areligioso [[Theatinesteatini|Theatineteatino]] ofdi seducingaver asedotto Romanuna noblenobildonna woman[[roma]]na, Plautila de' Massimi, whoche hadera comeentrata intoin possessionpossesso ofdi anuna inordinatenotevole amountquantità ofdi moneydenaro ande jewelrygioielli, butma thele accusationsaccuse werefurono dismissedrespinte bydal the pontiff.pontefice<ref>Setton, 1984, p. 711.</ref>. [[CharlesSan Borromeo|St. CharlesCarlo Borromeo]], cardinal-nephew ofnipote di [[Popepapa PiusPio IV]] ([[1559&ndash;]]-[[1565]]), hadsi ensuredera theassicurato subordinationuna ofposizione thedi preminenza sul ''[[secretarius intimus]]'', toe thetalvolta Cardinalinfatti Nephew,il whichcardinal camenipote toera beindicato sometimes known as thecome ''secretarius maior''.<ref>Chadwick, 1981, p. 289.</ref>. PiusPio IV wasera notoriousnoto forper nepotismil suo nepotismo: betweentra il [[1561]] ande il [[1565]] heelargì transferredpiù more thandi 350,.000 ''[[scudi]]'' toai hissuoi relatives.parenti<ref name="ekelund"> Ekelund et al., 2004, p. 702.</ref>.

===1566–1692===