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: <math>X \lll 1 \equiv 2X\pmod 3.</math>
Thus left rotation by a single bit has a simple description modulo 3. Analysis of other operations (data dependent rotation and modular addition) reveals similar, notable biases. Although there are some theoretical problems analysing the operations in combination, the bias can be detected experimentally for the entire cipher. In (Kelsey et
Against M6 there are attacks mod 5 and mod 257 that are even more effective.
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