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| url = http://staff.polito.it/mario.baldi/publications/TSMS2004_FLS.pdf
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| year = 2004 }} </ref> leverages on [[time-driven switching]] ([[Time-Driven Switching|TDS]]) to realize [[sub-lambda switching]]{{Clarify me|date=March 2009}} in highly scalable dynamic [[optical switching|optical networking]], <ref> M. Baldi, Y. Ofek, "[http://staff.polito.it/mario.baldi/publications/ONM2003.pdf Realizing Dynamic Optical Networking]," [http://optical-networks.com/ Optical Networks Magazine], [http://www.springerlink.com/content/t87443j2276n0w26/?p=ee76836c03234578b4a3e08418d41461&pi=0 Special Issue "Dynamic Optical Networking: around the Corner or Light Years Away?"], Vol. 4, No. 5, Sep./Oct. 2003, pp. 100-111. </ref> which requires minimum (possibly optical) buffers. Fractional lambda switching implies switching fractions of optical channels as opposed to whole lambda switching where whole optical channels are the switching unit. In this context, TDS has the same general objectives as [[optical burst switching]] and [[optical packet switching]]: realizing all-optical networks with high wavelength utilization. TDS operation is based on time frames (TFs) that can be viewed as virtual containers for multiple [[internet protocol|IP]] packets that are switched at every TDS switch based on and coordinated by the [[UTC]] ([[coordinated universal time]]) signal implementing [[pipeline forwarding]]. In the context of optical networks, [[synchronous virtual pipe]]s [[synchronous virtual pipe|SVPs]] typical of [[pipeline forwarding]] are called fractional lambda pipes (FλPs).
In FλS, likewise in TDS, all packets in the same time frame are switched in the same way. Consequently, header processing is not required, which results in low complexity (hence high scalability) and enables optical implementation <ref> D. Agrawal, M. Baldi, M. Corrà, G. Fontana, T. H. Truong, G. Marchetto, V. T. Nguyen, [http://dit.unitn.it/ofek/ Y. Ofek], D. Severina, O. Zadedyurina, "[http://staff.polito.it/mario.baldi/publications/2007ISCC_PF_testbed.pdf A Scalable Approach for Supporting Streaming Media: Design, Implementation and Experiments]," IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC 07), Aveiro (Portugal), July 2007.
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