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== Turbo codes: A parallel concatenation approach ==
The description above is given for what is now called a serially concatenated code. [[Turbo code]]s, as described first in 1993, implemented a parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes, with an interleaver between the two codes and an iterative decoder that would pass information forth and back between the codes.<ref name="deep-space-codes"> This construction had much higher performance than all previously conveived concatenated codes. However, a key aspect of turbo codes is their iterated decoding approach. Iterated decoding is now also applied to serial concatenations in order to achieve higher coding gains.
== References ==
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