Revision as of 21:34, 17 December 2005 view source Dtobias (talk \| contribs) Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers 12,890 edits Revert again; last edit summary was highly misleading, as the edit mostly deleted info, added little or nothing new, and included some careless misspellings. ← Previous edit		Revision as of 23:03, 17 December 2005 view source Max rspct (talk \| contribs) Extended confirmed users 11,123 edits please stop dleting all those books.. And E.Burke is father of conservatism and liberalism.. only slight connection here Next edit →
Line 36: ===Justice against the state=== The first essay explicitly advocating the absence of government was "[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/LFBooks/Burke0061/Vindication/0339_Bk.html A Vindication of Natural Society]" (1756) by [[Edmund Burke]]. There is an ongoing historical dispute about whether this essay was serious or satirical; nevertheless, it was influential among later anarchists such as [[William Godwin]], [[Benjamin Tucker]], and others who praised it. William Godwin, in [http://web.bilkent.edu.tr/Online/www.english.upenn.edu/jlynch/Frank/Godwin/pjtp.html An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice]" ([[1793]]) wrote what would become core anarchist critiques of government, economics, and society; though he did not use the word ''anarchism'', some today regard him as the "founder of philosophical anarchism" By "political justice" Godwin meant "the adoption of any principle of morality and truth into the practice of a community," and his characteristically anarchist conclusion was that government in fact inhibits rather than fosters justice. Line 69: Warren believed that "by dispensing with government we shake off the greatest invader of human rights" (''Equitable Commerce''). He put his theories to practice by organizing anarchist colonies, including [[Utopia (anarchist community)\|Utopia]] and [[Modern Times]]. [[Image:BenjaminTucker.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Benjamin Tucker]]]] In 1872 [[Benjamin Tucker]] first met Warren and [[William B. Greene]] in Boston at the New England Labor Reform League. He became familiar with Warren's ideas on the [[cost the limit of price]] (an application of the labor theory of value) and Greene's ideas on mutual banking. Tucker incorporated these ideas, as well as the market anarchism of Proudhon and [[Max Stirner]]'s egoism, [[Herbert Spencer]]'s "law of equal freedom," and other theorists, into what is seen as a formalized individualist anarchist theory. This form of individualist anarchism strongly supports "private property" (a right of an individual to exercise exclusive ___domain over the product of his labor, as opposed to this product being relegated to a collective pool shared equally by the community) and a [[market economy]] where this property may be bought and sold. Wage labor is also supported, as long as wages adhere to the labor theory of value. As capitalism is commonly understood to be a system where profit is ~~permissible~~permissable, the philosophy differs from capitalism. Other 19th century individualists include [[Lysander Spooner]], [[Stephen Pearl Andrews]], and [[Victor Yarros]]. While some individualists looked to [[natural law]] to justify individualism, many, in accordance with Stirner's "Egoism" hold that [[self-interest]] is the only legitimate justification for action. For example, [[Lysander Spooner]] holds that there are natural property rights, but egoists such as [[Benjamin Tucker]] agree with Stirner that there are no natural property rights, but rather come about by [[contract]] between individuals. The American author and [[tax resistance\|tax resister]] [[Henry David Thoreau]] ([[1817]] – [[1862]]) was a quasi-anarchist. He wrote the influential essay ''[[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)\|Civil Disobedience]]'' (available at [[wikisource:Civil Disobedience - Henry David Thoreau\|wikisource]]) on [[civil disobedience\|resistance to civil government]]. Line 216: [[Image:Bookchin.jpg\|thumb\|right\| [[Murray Bookchin]] (1921-)]] [[Murray Bookchin]] is another important living anarchist figure. Bookchin has remained a radical anti-capitalist and vocal advocate of the decentralisation of society. His idea of Libertarian Municipalism has had an influence on the Green Movement and anti-capitalist direct action groups such as Reclaim the Streets. He is a staunch critic of biocentric philosophies such as Deep Ecology and the biologically determinstic belief of Sociobiology. Bookshin has a very heated style of writing and has been at odds with some other figures in the green anarchist genre. Because of Bookchin's ~~controversial~~controvertial nature, he has not been picked up as a "champion" of any specific strain of anarchism but more as a "player" or another piece of the anarchist puzzle. By far the most notable living representative of anarchism of the generic type would be [[Fred Woodworth]], Arizona anarchist and publisher of [[The Match]]. Woodworth's philosophy of anti-authoritarian politics, ethics, and criticism of forced or imposed technological change tends to mix both the classical individuaist anarchist and independant socialistic tendancies. In a sense, Fred represents the single most important blending of modern anarchist philosophy into a generalized native American perspective. While Fred might use the terms "socialist" or "propertarian" to refer to his beliefs at different (rare) times, he is quite critical of various representatives of both sides (he has emphatically criticized both the followers of [[Ayn Rand]] and [[Noam Chomsky]] for their inconsistancies with respect to 'total' anti-statism. Woodworth is also a champion of [[atheist]] beliefs and understanding of the universe, but has been very critical of [[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]]'s unethical behavor as a representative of such. Fred's strong opinions and heated debates in the pages of his publication have given him a reputation that is best kept separate from the essence of his anarchist beliefs. Line 373: ====Parliamentarianism==== While most anarchists firmly oppose voting, or otherwise participating in the State institution, there are a few that disagree. Even hard-core anarchists (e.g. Proudhon) have succumbed to the temptation of electoral politics - and inevitably regretted it. [[Voluntaryism]] is an anarchist school of thought which emphasizes "tending your own garden" and "neither ballots nor bullets." The anarchist case against voting is explained in [http://www.voluntaryist.com/nonvoting/ethics_of_voting.php The Ethics of Voting] by George H. Smith~~. (Also see "Voting Anarchists: An Oxymoron or What?" by [[Joe Peacott]], and writings by [[Fred Woodworth]])~~.▼ In general terms, the anarchist ethos opposes voting in elections, because voting amounts to condoning the state. However, there have been some anarchists who have run for office or advocated voting. The general opinion among anarchists is a general disrespect for the electoral process. Some individualist anarchists have been completely opposed to voting under all circumstances. Wendy McElroy, anarcho-feminist writer, expounded this view in her essay [http://members.aol.com/vlntryst/hitler.html Why I Would Not Vote Against Hitler]. ▲[[Voluntaryism]] is an anarchist school of thought which emphasizes "tending your own garden" and "neither ballots nor bullets." The anarchist case against voting is explained in [http://www.voluntaryist.com/nonvoting/ethics_of_voting.php The Ethics of Voting] by George H. Smith. (Also see "Voting Anarchists: An Oxymoron or What?" by [[Joe Peacott]], and writings by [[Fred Woodworth]]). ==See also== Line 396 ⟶ 394: ===Books=== '''Anarchism (General)'''▼ [[Robert Graham]] "Anarchism. A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas." Volume 1:From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939). 536 pages, 24 chapter; 131 article. Black Rose Books, Montreal 2005. ISBN 1-55164-250-6▼ [[Daniel Guérin]], ''Anarchism''▼ [[Colin Ward]], ''[[Anarchy in Action]]''▼ [[Noam Chomsky]], ''Chomsky on Anarchism''▼ [[Murray Bookchin]], ''Post-Scarcity Anarchism''▼ [[Emma Goldman]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/GoldmanCW.html Anarchism and Other Essays]'', ''Living My Life'', others▼ [[William Godwin]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/godwin/PJfrontpiece.html An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice]''▼ [[Max Stirner]], ''[[The Ego And Its Own]]'' Contractarian (as opposed to Natural Law or utilitarian) anarchism▼ [[Leo Tolstoy]], ''The Kingdon of God is Within You'' - Christian pacifist anarchism▼ [[Guy Debord]], ''The Society of the Spectacle''▼ [[Leopold Kohr]], ''[http://www.gemineye.free-online.co.uk/toobig.htm The Breakdown of Nations]'' Small is beautiful▼ [[Hakim Bey]], ''Temporary Autonomous Zones'' Ontological anarchism▼ [[Edward Abbey]], ''Desert Solitaire''▼ [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], ''[[What is Property?]]''▼ [[Peter Marshall]] ''A History of Anarchism'' ISBN 0-00-686245-4▼ '''Anarcho-capitalist''' [[Frederic Bastiat]], ''[http://www.ozarkia.net/bill/anarchism/library/thelaw.html The Law]'' Radical classical liberalism Line 432 ⟶ 412: [[Alexander Berkman]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/comanarchism/whatis_toc.html What is Anarchism?]'', ''Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist'', others [[Mikhail Bakunin]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html God and the State]'', ''The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State'', others ▲[[Emma Goldman]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/GoldmanCW.html Anarchism and Other Essays]'', ''Living My Life'', others ▲[[Robert Graham]] "Anarchism. A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas." Volume 1:From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939). 536 pages, 24 chapter; 131 article. Black Rose Books, Montreal 2005. ISBN 1-55164-250-6 ▲[[Daniel Guérin]], ''Anarchism'' [[Peter Kropotkin]], ''[[Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_in_Evolution\|Mutual Aid]]'', ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', others ▲[[Peter Marshall]] ''A History of Anarchism'' ISBN 0-00-686245-4 [[Rudolf Rocker]], ''Anarcho-Syndicalism'' [[Voline]], ''The Unknown Revolution'' [[Errico Malatesta]], ''[[Anarchy]]'' ▲[[Colin Ward]], ''[[Anarchy in Action]]'' ▲[[Noam Chomsky]], ''Chomsky on Anarchism'' ▲[[Murray Bookchin]], ''Post-Scarcity Anarchism'' ▲'''~~Anarchism (~~General)/Other''' ▲[[William Godwin]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/godwin/PJfrontpiece.html An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice]'' ▲[[Max Stirner]], ''[[The Ego And Its Own]]'' Contractarian (as opposed to Natural Law or utilitarian) anarchism ▲[[Leo Tolstoy]], ''The Kingdon of God is Within You'' - Christian pacifist anarchism ▲[[Guy Debord]], ''The Society of the Spectacle'' ▲[[Leopold Kohr]], ''[http://www.gemineye.free-online.co.uk/toobig.htm The Breakdown of Nations]'' Small is beautiful ▲[[Hakim Bey]], ''Temporary Autonomous Zones'' Ontological anarchism ▲[[Edward Abbey]], ''Desert Solitaire'' ▲*[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], ''[[What is Property?]]'' ===Anarchism by region/culture===

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