Utente:Panjabi/Prove: differenze tra le versioni
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Riga 81:
Quando vanno a caccia gli sciacalli solo raramente costituiscono piccoli gruppi, sebbene d'estate, in Transcaucasia, siano stati osservati branchi multifamiliari di 8 - 12 esemplari. Quando caccia da solo, lo sciacallo dorato pattuglia una determinata area fermandosi ogni tanto per annusare e ascoltare. Una volta individuata la preda si nasconde, si avvicina piano piano e poi sferra l'attacco. Quando caccia in coppia o in branco, i vari esemplari corrono paralleli e colpiscono la preda all'unisono. Quando cacciano roditori o uccelli acquatici, corrono su entrambe le sponde di uno stretto fiumiciattolo o torrente, indirizzando la preda da un esamplare all'altro <ref name="kingdon"/><ref name="soviet"/> . Il tasso di successo nella caccia aumenta notevolmente quando lo sciacallo dorato caccia in coppia: in Africa orientale gli esemplari che cacciano da soli giovani [[Eudorcas thomsonii|gazzelle di Thomson]] hanno un tasso di riuscita del 16%, mentre quando cacciano in coppia o in più esemplari la percentuale sale a 67. Quando attaccano animali di medie dimensioni gli sciacalli colpiscono la vittima all'addome e solo di rado riescono a ucciderla subito <ref name="kingdon"/> .
===Relazioni con altri predatori===
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Golden jackals tend to dominate smaller canid species. In Africa, golden jackals have been observed to kill the cubs of [[black-backed jackal]]s.<ref name="BBJ">{{cite web | title = Black-backed jackal | work = | publisher = Canids.org | url = http://www.canids.org/species/Black-backed_jackal.pdf | accessdate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> In [[Israel]], [[red fox]]es are a commonly occurring predator, and although smaller than jackals, their dietary habits are identical, and the two species are therefore in direct competition with one another. Foxes generally ignore jackal scents or tracks in their territories, though they will avoid close physical proximity with jackals themselves. Studies have shown that in areas where jackals became very abundant, the population size of foxes decreased significantly, apparently because of competitive exclusion.<ref name="RF">{{cite web | title = Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: a field experiment | work = | publisher = Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University | url = http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/yom-tov/articles/Behavioural_responses_of_red_foxes.pdf | accessdate = 2007-07-31}}</ref> Conversely, jackals are shown to vacate areas inhabited by [[Gray Wolf|wolves]]. Wolves are often actively intolerant of jackals in their established territories and have been known to approach jackal-calling stations at a quick trotting pace, presumably to chase off the competitors.<ref name="GW">{{cite web | title = Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (''Canis aureus'') in Greece | work = | publisher = WWF Greece | url = http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Action%20Plans/Greece%20Golden%20Jackal%20Action%20Plan%202004.pdf | accessdate = 2007-07-31}}</ref> The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to historical declines in wolf populations. The present diffusion of the golden jackal in the Northern Adriatic Hinterland seems to be in rapid expansion <ref name="lapini2"/> in various areas where the wolf is absent or very rare (see also:<ref name="udine">{{it icon}}[http://www.altofriuli.com/ambiente/?id_evento=1266&layout=leggi_evento ''Scoperto in Val Tagliamento lo sciacallo dorato'' by Maria Clementi]</ref><ref name="slovenia">[http://web.bf.uni-lj.si/bi/NATURA-SLOVENIAE/pdf/NatSlo_10_1_5.pdf ''First record of a golden jackal (Canis aureus) in the Savinja Valley (Northern Slovenia)'' by Miha KROFEL and Hubert POTOČNIK of the Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia]</ref>). In Africa, golden jackals often eat alongside [[African wild dog]]s, and will stand their ground if the dogs try to harass them.<ref name="estes2"/> In South-eastern Asia, golden jackals have been known to hunt alongside [[dhole]] packs,<ref name="thai">Lekagul, B. & McNeely, J. ''Mammals of Thailand'', Darnsutha Press; Second edition edition (January 1, 1988), ISBN 9748680614</ref> and there is one record of a golden jackal pack adopting a male [[Ethiopian wolf]].<ref>[http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-485-01-0001.pdf ''Canis simensis'' by Claudio Sillero-Zubiri and Dada Gottelli. Published 2 December 1994 by The American Society of Mammologists]</ref>
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