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==Carl Hewitt, the Actor model, and the birth of Scheme (added material)==
In 1971 Sussman, [[Drew McDermott]], and [[Eugene Charniak]] had developed a system called [[Planner_programming_language#Micro-planner_implementation|Micro-Planner]] which was a partial and somewhat unsatisfactory implementation of Planner. Sussman and Hewitt worked together along with others on [[MDL (programming language)|Muddle (later MDL)]], an extended Lisp which formed a component of Hewitt's ambitious [[Planner (programming language)|Planner]] project. Drew McDermott, and Sussman in 1972 developed the Lisp-based language Conniver, which revised the use of automatic backtracking in Planner which they thought was unproductive. Hewitt was dubious that the "hairy control structure" in Conniver
In November 1972, Hewitt and his students invented the [[Actor model]] of computation as a solution to the problems with Planner.<ref name="hewitt1973">{{cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|coauthors=Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger|title=A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence|publisher=IJCAI|year=1973}}</ref> A partial implementation of Actors was developed called Planner-73 (later called PLASMA). Steele, then a graduate student at MIT, had been following these developments, and he and Sussman decided to implement a version of the Actor model in their own "tiny Lisp" developed on top of [[MacLisp]], in order to understand the model better. Using this basis they then began to develop mechanisms for creating actors and sending messages.<ref name="revisited">{{cite journal
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