|
* ''Pulchrapollia'' (Eocene inferiore) – comprende il cosiddetto ''Primobucco olsoni'' - uno psittaciforme (pseudasturide o psittacide)?
===PhylogenyFilogenesi===
La [[filogenesi]] dei pappagalli è ancora sotto esame. La classificazione qua presente è quella ritenuta attualmente più valida, ma studi successivi potrebbero apportarvi delle modifiche. Proprio per questo motivo non va considerata una stesura definitiva.
{{userboxtop| toptext= }}{{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
||label1=Parrots
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1=[[Psittacidae]] [[File:Rose-ringed Parakeet (Male) I IMG 9141.jpg|75px]]
|label2=
|2=[[Cacatuidae]] [[File:Cacatua galerita -perching on branch -crest-8a-2c.jpg|75px]]
}}
|label2=
|2=[[Strigopidae]] [[File:Kaka (Nestor meridionalis)- Wellington -NZ-8-2c.jpg|75px]]
}}
|label2=
|2=Other birds
}}<small>Phylogentic relationship between the three parrot families based on the available literature<ref name="Wright"/><ref name=deKloet/><ref name=tokita/></small>
{{userboxbottom}}
The [[phylogeny]] of the parrots is still under investigation. The classifications as presented reflects the current status, which is disputed and therefore subject to change when new studies resolve some of the open questions. For that reason, this classification should be treated as preliminary.
TheGli PsittaciformesPsittaciformi consistcomprendono oftre threelinee mainevolutive lineagesprincipali: gli '''[[Strigopidae|Strigopidi]]''', gli '''PsittacidaePsittacidi''' ([[truePsittacidae|pappagalli parrotsveri]]) ande i '''CacatuidaeCacatuidi''' ([[cockatoosCacatuidae|cacatua]]). In thepassato past, thegli '''[[Strigopidae|Strigopidi]]''' wereerano consideredritenuti partun ofgruppo thedi '''PsittacidaePsittacidi''', butma recentstudi studiespiù placerecenti thissembrano groupindicare ofche Newqueste Zealandspecie speciesoriginarie atdella theNuova basisZelanda ofvadano theposte parrotalla treebase nextdell'albero tofilogenetico thedei remainingpappagalli, membersben ofdistanti thesia Psittacidaedagli asPsittacidi wellche asdai allCacatuidi members of the Cacatuidae.<ref name="Wright">{{cite journal |title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous |journal=Mol Biol Evol |year=2008 |first=T.F. |last=Wright |coauthors=Schirtzinger E. E., Matsumoto T., Eberhard J. R., Graves G. R., Sanchez J. J., Capelli S., Muller H., Scharpegge J., Chambers G. K. & Fleischer R. C. |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=2141–2156 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160 |url= |accessdate= |pmid=18653733 |pmc=2727385}}</ref><ref name="deKloet">{{cite journal |last=de Kloet |first=RS |coauthors=de Kloet SR |year=2005 |title=The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=36 |pages=706–721 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013 |pmid=16099384 |issue=3}}</ref><ref name="tokita">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x |last=Tokita |first=M |coauthors=Kiyoshi T and Armstrong KN |year=2007 |title=Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony. |journal=Evolution & Development |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=590–601 |pmid=17976055}}</ref> .
TheAnche Cacatuidaei areCacatuidi quitesono distinct,piuttosto havingdiversi adagli movablePsittacidi: headhanno crestuna cresta mobile sulla testa, auna differentdiversa arrangementdisposizione ofdelle thearterie [[carotidCarotide comune|carotidi]] arteries, auna [[gall bladdercistifellea]], differencesalcune indifferenze thenelle skullossa bones,del andcranio; lacksono theinoltre [[Dyckprivi texture]]delle featherscosiddette which,penne in«a thetestura PsittacidaeDick» che, scattersnegli lightPsittacidi, diffondono la luce in suchmaniera atale wayda asprodurre toi producetipici thecolori vibrantvibranti colourstipici ofdi somolti many parrotspappagalli. ColourfulLe featherspenne withcolorate highcon levelsalti oflivelli [[psittacofulvin]]di resistpsittacofulvina feather-degradingresistono [[Bacillusmeglio licheniformis]]di betterquelle thanbianche whiteagli attacchi del batterio ''Bacillus licheniformis'' ones<ref>Edward H. Burtt, Max R. Schroeder, Lauren A. Smith, Jenna E. Sroka, Kevin J. McGraw (2010): Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation, Biology Letters, The Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716.</ref> .
[[LoriesIn andpassato lorikeetsi [[Loriinae|Lorikeetslorichetti]] werevenivano previouslyclassificati regardedin asuna aterza third familyfamiglia, Loriidae,i Loriidi <ref name="Forshaw78">Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (1978): ''Parrots of the World'' (2nd ed). Landsdowne Editions, Melbourne Australia ISBN 0-7018-0690-7</ref> , butma studiesgli usingstudi large amounts ofsul DNA datahanno placedimostrato theche groupsono inPsittacidi thea middletutti of the Psittacidaegli familyeffetti, withstrettamente asimparentati closestcon relativesi thepappagalli figdei parrotsfichi (twodue ofdei thetre threegeneri generache ofcostituiscono thela tribetribù dei [[Cyclopsittacini]], subfamilydella Psittacinaesottofamiglia degli Psittacini) ande theil [[BudgerigarMelopsittacus|pappagallino ondulato]] (tribetribù dei Melopsittacini, subfamilydella sottofamiglia dei [[Platycercinae|Platicercini]]). <ref name="Wright" /><ref name="deKloet" /><ref name="tokita" /> .
===Systematics===
| 