Utente:Panjabi/Prove: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 02:05, 14 dic 2010

Versione delle 02:07, 14 dic 2010

Riga 52:

La '''renna''' ('''''Rangifer tarandus'''''), nota in [[Nordamerica]] come '''caribù''', è un [[mammifero]] [[artiodattilo]] della [[Famiglia (tassonomia)|famiglia]] dei [[Cervidae|Cervidi]] che abita le regioni [[Artico|artiche]] e [[Clima subartico|subartiche]] con popolazioni sia stanziali che [[Migrazione|migratrici]]. Sebbene sia molto diffusa e numerosa<ref name=IUCN/>, alcune sue [[sottospecie]] sono piuttosto rare e una di esse (o due, a seconda della [[tassonomia]]) è già [[Estinzione|estinta]]<ref name=HighArctic>Peter Gravlund, Morten Meldgaard, Svante Pääbo, and Peter Arctander: Polyphyletic Origin of the Small-Bodied, High-Arctic Subspecies of Tundra Reindeer (''Rangifer tarandus''). MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol. 10, No. 2, October, pp. 151–159, 1998 ARTICLE NO. FY980525. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNH-45KV7VD-1&_user=616145&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=616145&md5=8058d4f00ee37488dc961116298c0a14 online]</ref><ref name=dawsoni>S. A. Byun, B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen: ''Evolution of the Dawson caribou (''Rangifer tarandus dawsoni'')''. Can. J. Zool. 80(5): 956–960 (2002). doi:10.1139/z02-062. 2002 NRC Canada. [http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjz&volume=80&year=&issue=&msno=z02-062&calyLang=eng online]</ref>.

Le renne variano considerevolmente in colore e dimensioni<ref name=size>''[http://www.answers.com/topic/reindeer-1 Reindeer.]''<!-- {{Dead link|date=November 2010}} --> [[Answers.com]]</ref> ed entrambi i sessi presentano [[palchi]], sebbene questi ultimi siano più sviluppati nei maschi; in alcune popolazioni, tuttavia, le femmine sono completamente prive di palchi<ref name=antlers>''[http://www.answers.com/topic/new-world-deer-capriolinae-biological-family New World Deer (Capriolinae).]''<!-- {{Dead link|date=November 2010}} --> [[Answers.com]]</ref>.

La caccia alle renne selvatiche e l'allevamento di renne semi-[[Addomesticamento|domestiche]] (per carne, pelle, palchi, latte e trasporto) sono attività molto importanti per alcuni popoli artici e subartici<ref name=Burch>"In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource--in many areas ''the'' most important resource--for peoples inhabiting the northern boreal forest and tundra regions. Known human dependence on caribou/wild reindeer has a long history, beginning in the Middle Pleistocene (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170) and continuing to the present....The caribou/wild reindeer is thus an animal that has been a major resource for humans throughout a tremendous geographic area and across a time span of tens of thousands of years." Ernest S. Burch, Jr. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7316%28197207%2937%3A3%3C339%3ATCRAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource.] ''American Antiquity'', Vol. 37, No. 3 (Jul., 1972), pp. 339-368.</ref>. Perfino nelle zone lontane dal suo areale questo animale è ben conosciuto, grazie al ben consolidato mito, originatosi probabilmente in America agli inizi del XIX secolo, della slitta di [[Babbo Natale]] trainata da renne volanti, caratteristico elemento [[Natale|natalizio]] ormai da moltissimi anni<ref>http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=142:flying-reindeer-and-santa-claus-&catid=2:feature-archive&Itemid=7</ref>. Ancora oggi, in [[Lapponia]], le renne vengono utilizzate per trainare le slitte<ref>[http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/diehtu/siida/reindeer/Reindeer/reindeer_main.html The Sámi and their reindeer] — University of Texas at Austin</ref>.

Riga 485:

|date=2004-02-09

|url=http://www.nserc.ca/news/features/parrot_e.htm

|accessdate=2007-09-09}}<!-- {{dead link|date=March 2010}} --></ref> One argument against the supposed intelligent capabilities of bird species is that birds have a relatively small cerebral cortex, which is the part of the brain considered to be the main area of intelligence in other animals. However, it seems that birds use a different part of their brain, the medio-rostral neostriatum / [[High vocal center|hyperstriatum ventrale]], as the seat of their intelligence. Not surprisingly, research has shown that these species tend to have the largest hyperstriata, and Dr. Harvey J. Karten, a neuroscientist at [[University of California, San Diego]] who has studied the physiology of birds, discovered that the lower part of the avian brain is functionally similar to that in humans. Not only have parrots demonstrated intelligence through scientific testing of their language using ability, but some species of parrot such as the [[Kea]] are also highly skilled at using tools and solving puzzles.<ref>{{cite news

|last=Beynon

|first=Mike

Riga 537:

===Trade===

[[File:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus wild.jpg|thumb|right|10,000 [[Hyacinth Macaw]]s were taken from the wild for the pet trade in the 1980s.<ref>BirdLife International (2004). ''[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/1314/all Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus]<!-- {{dead link|date=March 2010}} -->''. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 27 August 2007.</ref>]]

The popularity of parrots as pets has led to a thriving—and often illegal—trade in the birds, and some species are now threatened with extinction. A combination of trapping of wild birds and damage to parrot habitats makes survival difficult or even impossible for some species of parrot. Importation of wild caught parrots into the US and Europe is illegal.