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====Lhermitte (1983)====
Lhermitte first coined the term utilization behavior. He observed six patients with [[unilateral]] and [[wikt:bilateral|bilateral]] lesions in the frontal lobe while the patients were enticed to grab objects. The patients with the frontal lobe lesions grasped the objects and started to use them appropriately even if it was not the appropriate time. Lhermitte used this study to attribute UB to damage of the orbital frontal structures and the [[caudate nuclei]].<ref name="Lhermitte">Lhermitte, F. (1983). Utilization behavior and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain 106: 237–255.</ref> It should be noted that [[#Related Disorders|imitation behavior]] (IB) has been studied by Lhermitte et al. in conjunction with UB which showed an imbalance between the dependence on and independence from external stimuli. It was thought that UB was an imbalance the frontal and [[parietal lobes]], but the study demonstrated that only damage to the frontal lobe affects UB as patients with damage to both areas did not demonstrate UB or IB.<ref name="Lhermitte"/>
====Shallice et al. (1989)====
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