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: If 2 + 2 = 5, then Bill Gates graduated in Medicine.
Some logicians view this situation as indicating that the strict conditional is still unsatisfactory. Others have noted that the strict conditional cannot adequately express [[counterfactual conditionals]],<ref>Jens S. Allwood, Lars-Gunnar Andersson, and Östen Dahl, ''Logic in Linguistics'', Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0521291747, [http://books.google.com/books?id=hXIpFPttDjgC&pg=PA120 p. 120.]</ref> and that it does not satisfy certain logical properties.<ref>Hans Rott and Vítezslav Horák, ''Possibility and Reality: Metaphysics and Logic'', ontos verlag, 2003, ISBN 3937202242, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ov9kN3HyltAC&pg=PA271 p. 271.]</ref> In particular, the strict conditional is [[Transitive relation|transitive]], while the counterfactual conditional is not.<ref>John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter, ''Science and Necessity'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0521390273, [http://books.google.com/books?id=O-onBdR7TPAC&pg=PA116 p. 116.]</ref>
Some logicians, such as [[Paul Grice]], have used [[conversational implicature]] to argue that, despite apparent difficulties, the material conditional is just fine as a translation for the natural language 'if...then...'. Others still have turned to [[relevance logic]] to supply a connection between the antecedent and consequent of provable conditionals.
==In mathematics==
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