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| year=1964
| volume=136
}}</ref> may be regarded as a first step toward the extended discrete element method, although the forces due to collisions between particles were replaced by energy potentials e.g. [[Lennard-Jones]] potentials of [[molecules]] and [[atoms]] as long range forces to determine interaction.
Similarly, the fluid dynamic interaction of particles suspended in a flow were investigated. The [[drag]] forces exerted on the particles by the relative velocity by them and the flow were treated as additional forces acting on the particles. Therefore, these [[multiphase flow]] phenomena including a solid e.g.~particulate and a gaseous or fluid phase resolve the particulate phase by discrete methods, while gas or liquid flow is described by continuous methods, and therefore, is labelled the combined continuum and discrete model (CCDM) as applied by Kawaguchi et al,<ref>{{cite journal
Line 68 ⟶ 66:
| year=1996
| volume=51
}}</ref> Xu 1997<ref>{{cite journal
| first1=B. H.
| last1=Xu
Line 78 ⟶ 76:
| volume=52
| pages=2785
}}</ref> and Xu 1998.<ref>{{cite journal
| first1=B. H.
| last1=Xu
Line 88 ⟶ 86:
| volume=53
| pages=2646–2647
}}</ref> Due to a discrete description of the solid phase, [[constitutive]] relations are omitted, and therefore, leads to a better understanding of the fundamentals. This was also concluded by Zhu 2007 et al.<ref>{{cite journal
| first1=H. P.
| last1=Zhu
| |||