Cross-layer optimization: Difference between revisions

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'''Cross-layer optimization''' is an escape from the pure [[waterfall model|waterfall]]-like concept of the [[OSI model|OSI communications model]] with virtually strict boundaries between layers. The cross layer approach transports feedback dynamically via the layer boundaries to enable the compensation for e.g. overload, latency or other mismatch of requirements and resources by any control input to another layer but that layer directly affected by the detected deficiency.<ref>http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~shroff/Shroff/journal/LSS06.pdf</ref><ref>http://netlab.caltech.edu/pub/papers/tcpip-ton2004.pdf</ref>

In the original OSI networking model, strict boundaries between layers are enforced, where data are kept strictly within a given layer. Cross‑layer optimization removes such strict boundaries to allow communication between layers by permitting one layer to access the data of another layer to exchange information and enable interaction. For example, having knowledge of the current physical state will help a channel allocation scheme or automatic repeat request (ARQ) strategy at the MAC layer in optimizing tradeoffs and achieving throughput maximization .<ref>http://tr.ietejournals.org/downloadpdf.asp?issn=0256-4602;year=2012;volume=29;issue=3;spage=229;epage=247;aulast=Bin-Salem;type=2</ref>.

Especially in information routing with concurrent demand for limited capacity of channels there may be a need for a concept of intervention to balance between e.g. the needs of intelligible speech transmission and of sufficiently dynamic control commands. Any fixed allocation of resources will lead to a mismatch under special conditions of operations. Any highly dynamic change of resource allocation might affect the intelligibility of voice or the steadiness of videos. However, as with other optimizing strategies, the algorithm consumes time as well .<ref>http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/lgl/papers/sab-adhocnow-04/sab-adhocnow-04.pdf</ref>.

Especially in information routing with concurrent demand for limited capacity of channels there may be a need for a concept of intervention to balance between e.g. the needs of intelligible speech transmission and of sufficiently dynamic control commands. Any fixed allocation of resources will lead to a mismatch under special conditions of operations. Any highly dynamic change of resource allocation might affect the intelligibility of voice or the steadiness of videos. However, as with other optimizing strategies, the algorithm consumes time as well <ref>http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/lgl/papers/sab-adhocnow-04/sab-adhocnow-04.pdf</ref>.

== Adjusting quality of service ==

Cross-layer optimization shall contribute to an improvement of quality of services under various operational conditions. Such [[adaptive quality of service]] management is currently subject of various patent applications, as e.g. <ref>[http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7339897.html Cross-layer integrated collision free path routing - US Patent 7339897<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The cross-layer control mechanism provides a feedback on concurrent quality information for the adaptive setting of control parameters. The control scheme apply

* the observed quality parameters

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Communication systems that need to operate over media with non stationary background noise may benefit from having a close coordination between the [[Medium access control|MAC]] layer (which is responsible for scheduling transmissions) and the [[Physical layer|PHY]] layer (which manages actual transmission and reception of data over the media).

In some communications channels (for example, in power lines), noise may be non-stationary and might vary synchronously with the 50 or 60 &nbsp;Hz [[AC current]] cycle. In scenarios like this, overall system performance can be improved if the MAC can get information from the PHY regarding when and how the noise level is changing, so that the MAC can schedule transmission during the periods of time in which noise levels are lower.

An example of a communications system that allows this kind of Cross-layer optimization is the [[ITU-T]] [[G.hn]] standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).

== Issues ==

Some issues may arise with cross-layer design and optimization by creating unwanted effects as explained in .<ref>V. Kawadia, P.R. Kumar, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01561928 "A cautionary perspective on cross-layer design"], in: IEEE Wireless Communications, Volume 12, Issue 1, Feb. 2005.</ref>. Cross-layer design solutions that allow optimized operation for mobile devices in the modern heterogeneous wireless environment are described in ,<ref> F. Foukalas et al.,

[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4483671&contentType=Journals+%26+Magazines&sortType%3Dasc_p_Sequence%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A4483664%29 "Cross-layer design proposals for wireless mobile networks: a survey and taxonomy "] </ref>, where in addition the major open technical challenges in the cross-layer design research area are pointed out.

== See also ==