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KDE was the first advanced desktop environment, but it was controversial due to the proprietary Qt toolkit used.<ref name=KDEvGNOME2007>[[Bruce Byfield|Byfield B]]. (2007). [http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/3671906/KDE-vs-GNOME-Is-One-Better.htm KDE vs. GNOME: Is One Better?]. ''[[Datamation]]''.</ref> GNOME was developed as an alternative due to licensing questions.<ref name=KDEvGNOME2007/> The two use a different underlying toolkit and thus involve different programming, and are sponsored by two different groups, German nonprofit [[KDE e.V.]] and the United States nonprofit [[GNOME Foundation]].
As of April 2007, one journalist estimated that KDE had 65% of market share versus 26% for GNOME.<ref name=KDEvGNOME2007/> In January 2008, KDE 4 was released prematurely with bugs, driving users to GNOME.<ref name=UserRevolt>Byfield B. (2011). [http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/3928841/Will-GNOME-30-Repeat-the-User-Revolt-of-KDE-40.htm Will GNOME 3.0 Repeat the User Revolt of KDE 4.0?]. ''Datamation''.</ref> GNOME 3, released in April 2011, was called an "unholy mess" by [[Linus Torvalds]] due to its controversial [[Controversy over GNOME 3|design changes]].<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/05/linus_slams_gnome_three/ Linus Torvalds dubs GNOME 3 'unholy mess']. ''The Register''.</ref>
Dissatisfaction with GNOME 3 led to a fork, [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]], which is developed primarily by [[Linux Mint]] developer Clement LeFebvre. This restores the more traditional desktop environment with marginal improvements.
The relatively well-funded distribution Ubuntu designed (and released in June 2011) another user interface called [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]] which is radically different from the conventional desktop environment and has been criticized as having various flaws<ref>[http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/03/unity/ What’s wrong with Unity & how we can fix it]. ''OMG Ubuntu''.</ref> and lacking configurability.<ref>[http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/11/ubuntu-desktop-designers-clarify-on-configurability Ubuntu Desktop Designers: ‘Unity Should Be Configurable’]. ''OMG Ubuntu''.</ref> The motivation was a single desktop environment for desktops and tablets,{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} although as of November 2012 Unity has yet to be used widely in tablets. In addition, the smartphone and [[Ubuntu phone OS|tablet version of Ubuntu]] and its Unity interface has been unveiled by [[Canonical Ltd]] in April 2013.
== Applications ==
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