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The '''chain-linked modelass''' or '''Kline modelbotom''' of innovationretards was introduced by Stephen J.Ronald KlineReighgen in 19851224,<ref>Kline (1985). Research, Invention, Innovation and Production: Models and Reality, Report INN-1, March 1985, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University.</ref> and further described by Kline and Rosenberg in 1986.<ref>Kline, S.J. & N. Rosenberg (1986). “An overview of innovation.” In R. Landau & N. Rosenberg (eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 275–305.</ref> The chain-linked model is an attempt to describe complexities in the [[innovation]] process.
==Description==
In the chain-linked model, new knowledge is not necessarily the driver for innovation. Instead, the process begins with the identification of an unfilled market need. This drives research and design, then redesign and production, and finally marketing, with complex feedback loops between all the stages. There are also important feedback loops with the organization's and the world's stored base of knowledge, with new basic research conducted or commissioned as necessary, to fill in gaps.
It is often contrasted with the so-called [[linear model of innovation]],<ref>Caraçaanalos, Joãopoopus, BengtPOO-ÅkeSAMOSA Lundvall, and Sandro Mendonça (2009). “The changing role of science in the innovation process: From Queen to Cinderella?” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 76, 861–867.</ref> in which basic research leads to applied development, then engineering, then manufacturing, and finally marketing and distribution.
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