Volpe a nove code: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 21:07, 1 ott 2013

Versione delle 16:59, 3 ott 2013

Riga 2:

{{F|mitologia giapponese|ottobre 2013}}

{{T|franceseinglese|mitologia giapponese|ottobre 2013}}

{{S|mitologia giapponese}}

[[File:NineTailsFox.JPG|thumb|right|Volpe a nove code; dall'edizione Qing dello ''[[Shan Hai Jing]]'']]

La '''volpe a nove code''' è una creatura leggendaria che appare nei racconti orali di varie zone dell'[[Asia]], soprattutto in [[Giappone]], sotto il nome di {{nihongo|'''''Kyūbi no Kitsune'''''|九尾の狐||o semplicemente '''kyūbi'''}}; in [[Cina]], dove è chiamata '''''Jiǔwěihú''''' ({{lang|zh|九尾狐}})<ref>Tale forma in Giappone, in cui è però poco usata, è letta ''kyūbiko''</ref>; ed in [[Corea]], dove è detta '''''Gumih''''' o '''''Kumiho''''' (구미호 o 九尾狐)<ref>{{en}} [http://www.unsolvedmysteries.com/usm290032.html Mitologia Coreana]</ref> Tipologie di volpi a nove code sono le ''[[kitsune]]'' o le ''[[huli jing]]'', ma a differenza di esse, che possono essere anche benevoli, le ''kyūbi'' originali sono sempre descritte come malvagie.

<!--

== Légende ==

<!-- ==Chinese version==

La légende veut que, venus très anciennement d'[[Inde]], les renards à neuf queues aient traversé le [[Tibet]] et atteint la [[Civilisation chinoise|Chine]], où, transformés en favorites pernicieuses et de mauvais conseil, ils/elles avaient poussé les derniers empereurs de la [[dynastie Qin]] (Ts'in) à commettre assez d'iniquités pour leur coûter leur trône. Au {{VIIIe s}} ap. J.-C., un lettré [[japon]]ais du nom de [[Kibi Daijin]], de retour d'une mission culturelle dont l'essentiel était de dérober aux Chinois leur [[calendrier lunaire]], quitta la côté ouest de la Corée, embarquant à son insu sur sa [[jonque]] une de ces sorcières dont l'arrivée sur l'archipel japonais en [[758]] fut aussitôt suivie de troubles politiques.

The nine-tailed fox is a species of creature depicted in the ''Nanshan jing（山海經）'', ''Haiwaidong jing（海外東經）'' and ''Dahuangdong jing（大荒東經）'' of [[Shan Hai Jing]] as having the voice of a human infant. It can be eaten by humans, and those who eat it will be protected from evil.<ref>『山海經』南山經, 又東三百里，曰青丘之山，其陽多玉，其陰多青䨼。有獸焉，其狀如狐而九尾，其音如嬰兒，能食人；食者不蠱。[http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/山海經/南山經 wikisource]</ref>

Later in history books like [[Book of Zhou]] and story collections like [[Extensive Records of the Taiping Era]], the nine-tailed fox was depicted as a beast of fortune. Sent by the heavens, the nine-tailed fox was seen as a sign of fortune, peace and luck. In the [[Han dynasty]], it is the protector of royal blood. However, it can also represent an omen of revolution when the Emperor is not good.

== En Chine ==

It was said to have possessed Mo Xi ({{zh|c=妺喜|}}), bewitched [[Jie of Xia]], and caused the downfall of the [[Xia dynasty]]. This story, which appeared after the story of [[Daji]], however, was very similar in nature to the story of Daji. Therefore, the story received criticisms stating the later writers only plagiarized earlier folklore, or that the telling of the stories was modified to discredit a different dynasty. The torture and creations of Mei Xi were very similar to those of the [[creations of Daji]] but were first used in [[Zhou dynasty]] with little historical evidence dating those back to Xia.

{{...}}

The nine-tailed fox appeared in the epic fantasy novel ''[[Fengshen Bang]]'' as a [[Yaojing]], or spirit, controlled by the deity [[Nüwa]] and was ordered to bewitch [[King Zhou of Shang]] in the 11th century BC. The fox possessed the body of [[Daji]] and did her bidding. Daji was eventually killed by [[Jiang Ziya]] and the fox was condemned by Nüwa due to the fox's cruelty and disobeying its original order of ''bewitch King Zhou but do not harm others'' towards the end of ''Fengshen Bang''.

On trouve mention du renard à neuf queues dès le III{{e}} siècle av. J.-C. en Chine dans le ''[[Shanhaijing|Livre des monts et des mers]]'' ({{lang|zh|山海經}}, ''Shanhaijing'').

In later stories, a nine-tailed fox was blamed for possessing [[Baosi]] like Daji and caused the downfall of [[Zhou Dynasty#Western and Eastern Zhou|Western Zhou]], forcing the dynasty moving its capital and establish the Eastern Zhou period.

== En Corée ==

==Japanese version==

À en croire les contes coréens, un renard qui vit mille ans se métamorphose en ''kumiho''. Il peut se transformer comme il veut, et entre autres en une belle fille, souvent dans l'intention de séduire les hommes. Il existe de nombreux contes où apparaît le ''kumiho''. On peut trouver plusieurs d'entre eux dans l'encyclopédique ''Abrégé de la littérature orale coréenne'' ({{lang|ko|한국 구비문학 대계}}, ''Hanguk Gubimunhak daegyeo'').

Stories of [[Tamamo-no-Mae]] were written and collected in the [[Otogizōshi]] of the [[Muromachi period]], and were also mentioned by [[Toriyama Sekien]] in [[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]. ''Tamamo-no-Mae'' was a courtesan under the Japanese [[Emperor Konoe]]. She was said to be a most beautiful and intelligent woman. She caused the Emperor to be extremely ill and was chased away by [[Abe no Yasuchika]], who had been called to diagnose the cause of the Emperor's poor health. Abe no Yasuchika discovered the true nature of Tamamo-no-mae. A few years later, in the area of [[Nasu, Tochigi|Nasu]], the nine-tailed fox was seen killing and eating women and travelers. Emperor Konoe thus sent Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke along with 80,000 troops to kill the fox. In the plains of Nasu, it was finally killed and became a stone called the ''[[Sessho-seki|sesshoseki]]''. The stone continually released poisonous gas, killing everything that touched it. The stone was said to have been destroyed in the [[Nanboku-chō period]] by Gennoh Shinshou, and the pieces flew away to different parts of Japan.

===Hokusai's depiction===

Bien que le ''kumiho'' soit capable de changer son apparence, il reste toujours quelque chose en lui qui rappelle le renard ; son aspect extérieur change, mais sa nature reste la même.

[[File:Hokusai_Sangoku_Yoko-den.jpg|thumb|300px|Fleeing Kyūbi as Lady Wah-yeung (華陽夫人) depicted in Hokusai's ''Sangoku Yōko-den'' (三国妖狐伝)]]

In the story told by [[Hokusai]], formed in the [[Edo]] period, the nine-tail fox which possessed Daji was not killed, but instead fled to [[Magadha]] of [[Tianzhu]] (ancient [[India]]). There, it became the concubine of a prince, causing him to cut off the heads of 1000 men. It was then defeated again, and fled the country.

Around 780 BC, the same fox was said to have possessed Baosi (the concubine) and again chased away by human military forces.

* Dans ''La Transformation du Kumiho'' ({{lang|ko|구미호의 변신}}, ''Kumihoeui byeosin''), un ''kumiho'' prend exactement l’apparence de la mariée à l’occasion d’une noce. La mère de la jeune femme elle-même est incapable de voir la différence. Le ''kumiho'' n’est découvert qu’au moment où ses vêtements lui sont enlevés.

The fox stayed quiet for some period. In AD 753, the fox took the form of a 16-year-old girl named Wakamo, who fooled [[Kibi Makibi]], [[Abe no Nakamaro]], and [[Jianzhen]]; and boarded the ship of the 10th [[Japanese missions to Tang China]] when it was about to return to Japan.

* ''Bak Munsu et le Kumiho'' ({{lang|ko|박문수와 구미호}}, ''Bakmunsuwa Kumiho'') relate une rencontre que Bak Munsu fait avec une fille qui vit seule dans les bois, et dont l’apparence fait penser au renard.

In 1113, Sakabe Yukitsuna (坂部行綱), a samurai with no family, picked up an abandoned baby girl ''Mizukume'' (藻女, girl of algae) which was actually the nine-tailed fox transformed, and raised her for 17 years. At the age of 18 she changed her name to ''Tamamo-no-Mae'', entered the palace, and bewitched [[Emperor Konoe]] (see [[Nine-tailed fox#Japanese version|above]]).

* Dans ''La Jeune fille qui reconnut un kumiho grâce à une poésie chinoise'' ({{lang|ko|하시로 구미호를 아라낸 처녀}}, ''Hasiro Kumihoreul ari jeonyeo'') le ''kumiho'' est en fin de compte découvert quand un chien de chasse reconnaît le renard à son odeur et l’attaque. Bien qu'il soit traditionnellement présenté comme une femme quand il se transforme en être humain, dans ce conte, c’est en jeune homme que le ''kumiho'' se métamorphose ; il essaye alors de tromper la jeune fille pour qu’elle l’épouse. Mais cela reste le seul cas de transformation masculine.

==Korean version==

* Dans ''Un Bâton magique qui tue le renard'', un homme voit un ''kumiho'' se transformer en vieille femme. Il la poursuit va la tuer en frappant avec son bâton. Retransformée en ''kumiho'', il dit qu'il a pu la reconnaitre car son bâton est magique et peut détecter les ''kumiho'' en tremblant. Il la vend très cher à un homme, et ce dernier va aller tuer une fille qu'il croit être un ''kumiho'' (nerveux, il a lui-même tremblé et fait secouer le bâton), fouille son corps pour trouver sa queue mais il finit par se faire lyncher pour son crime, ne se rendant compte que tard de s'être fait berner.

In Korean culture the nine-tailed fox (or the ''[[kumiho]]'') is a predominantly malevolent being. A fox that lives for one thousand years can become a ''kumiho'', and it often takes the form of a beautiful young woman to seduce men in order to eat their flesh: usually the [[liver]], although the [[heart]] is also a target at times. Some tales say that under certain circumstances a ''kumiho'' can become human, and the circumstances can vary from eating 1000 men's livers to refraining from killing and eating humans for 1000 days (depending on the tale). The ''kumiho'' originates from the ancient Chinese myths and therefore shares many similarities to the Chinese ''[[huli jing]]'' and the Japanese ''[[kitsune]]''. However, the tales of the malicious, flesh-eating foxes are more common for the Korean counterpart, although there are a few tales telling of kindly ''kumiho''.

Ces « renardes » sont donc de redoutables [[sorcière]]s qui, sous la forme de séductrices d'une élégance vertigineuse, peuvent conduire un homme, un clan, un empire à leur perte avant d'aller retrouver leur fourrure rousse et le silence nocturne des bois.

==In Au Japonpopular culture==

{{incomplete|section|date=April 2013}}

In the ''[[Pokémon]]'' franchise, Ninetales is a Pokémon which takes the appearance of a fox with sleek, cream-coloured fur and nine tails.{{cn|date=July 2013}}

In the manga and anime franchise ''[[Naruto]]'', the nine-tailed fox is one of nine tailed beasts which play an important role in the series' overall plot. The nine tailed fox is sealed inside the main character Naruto.

{{...}}

In ''[[Ga-rei]]'', the "spirit devourer" Byakuei is a derivation from the Nine-Tailed Fox's power, housing a ''sesshouseki'' inside it. In the second story arc, Kagura, the protagonist who can summon Byakuei, uses the ''sesshouseki'' to gain the power to save Kensuke's life, but at the cost of becoming the core of the resurrected Nine-Tailed Fox.

On fait encore référence aujourd'hui au ''kyūbi no [[kitsune]]'' dans la culture populaire japonaise, par exemple dans l'[[univers de Naruto|univers]] du manga ''[[Naruto]]'' avec les [[démons à queues]], mais aussi dans la série de romans ''[[Kanokon]]'', les mangas ''[[Kekkaishi]]'' et ''[[Divine Nanami]]'', et les jeux vidéo [[Sonic]],''[[Ōkami]]'', ''[[Pokémon]]'', ''[[Digimon]]'', ''[[Touhou Project]]'', ''{{lien|Hiiro no Kakera}}'' ou encore ''[[League of Legends]]''<ref>http://euw.leagueoflegends.com/fr/news/aper%C3%A7u-exclusif-la-dame-renard-%C3%A0-neuf-queues</ref>.

In the multiplayer online battle arena video game,'' [[League of Legends]]'', the playable champion Ahri is a magical nine-tailed fox, in a "cat-girl" form.

== Articles connexes ==

In the Anime XXXholic, Watanukis 'Pipe fox', in its full form, is a nine tailed fox.

* [[Femme-renarde]]

In South Korean romantic comedy series, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girlfriend_Is_a_Nine-Tailed_Fox My girlfriend is a gumiho], where the legendary fox is accidentally released from a painting.

In the game Scp Containment Breach the MTF guards are referred to as Nine-Tailed fox.

==References==

{{reflist}}

==See also==

* [[Huli jing]]

* [[Kitsune]]

* [[Kumiho]]

* [[Ninetales]]

* [[Succubus]]

==External links==

{{portal|China|Japan|Korea}}

* Nine-tailed fox stories at [[Aozora Bunko]]

** [http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000082/card480.html ''Tamamo-no-mae''], [[Kido Okamoto]] {{ja}}

** [http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000329/card18385.html ''Sesshōseki''], [[:ja:楠山正雄|Masao Kusuyama]] {{ja}}

-->== Note ==