Keystroke-level model: Difference between revisions

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The Keystroke-Level Model (KLM) predicts how long it will take an expert user to accomplish a routine task without errors using an interactive computer system. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Allen|first3=Newell|title=The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=1980|volume=23|issue=7|page=396|doi=10.1145/358886.358895|ref=1}}</ref> It was proposed by [[Stuart K. Card]], [[Thomas P. Moran]] and [[Allen Newell]] in 1980 in the [[Communications of the ACM]] and published in their book "The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction" in 1983, which is considered as a classic in the HCI field. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Sauro|first1=Jeff|title=5 Classic Usability Books|url=http://www.measuringu.com/blog/usability-books.php|website=MeasuringU|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Perlman|first1=Gary|title=Suggested Readings in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), User Interface (UI) Development, & Human Factors (HF)|url=http://hcibib.org/readings.html|website=HCI Bibliography : Human-Computer Interaction Resources|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=8}}</ref> The foundations were laid in 1974, when Card and Moran joined the [[PARC (company)|Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)]] and created a group named Applied Information-Processing Psychology Project (AIP) with Newell as a consultant aiming to create an applied psychology of human-computer interaction. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Newell|first3=Allen|title=The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction|date=1983|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates Inc|___location=Hillsdale|isbn=0898592437|pages=ix-x|ref=4}}</ref> The KLM is still relevant today, which is shown by the recent research about mobile phones and touchscreens (see [[#Adaptions|Adaptions]]).

{{Refimprove|date=November 2011}}

'''Keystroke-level model''', sometimes referred to as KLM or KLM-GOMS, is an approach to [[human–computer interaction]] (HCI), developed by David Kieras and based on CMN-[[GOMS]]. CMN-[[GOMS]] for its part was developed by Card, Moran, and Newell, and explained in their book ''The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction'', 1983. The model is an 11-step method that can be used by individuals or companies seeking ways to estimate the time it takes to complete simple data input tasks using a computer and mouse. By using KLM-GOMS, individuals often find more efficient or better ways to complete a task simply by analyzing the steps required in the process and rearranging or eliminating unneeded steps.

It is designed to be easier to use than other [[GOMS]] methods, such that companies who cannot afford human–computer interaction specialists can use it. KLM-GOMS is usually applied in situations that require minimal amounts of work and interaction with a computer interface or software design. The calculations and the number of steps required to accurately compute the overall task time increase quickly as the number of tasks involved increases. Thus, KLM-GOMS is best suited to evaluate time specific tasks that require, on average, less than 5 minutes to complete.

The KLM-GOMS model is designed to be as straightforward as possible. The sequence of operations is modelled as a sequence of a small number of operations. Each operation is assigned a duration, which is intended to model the average amount of time an experienced user would take to perform it.

==Step terminology==