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* Protection
Operating system handles many kinds of activities from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated as a process.
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*Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.
I/O subsystem comprised of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software. Drivers hides the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user as the device driver knows the peculiarities of the specific device.
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*Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when required.
#* File system manipulation▼
A file represents a collection of related information. Computer can store files on the disk (secondary storage), for long term storage purpose. Few examples of storage media are magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk drives like CD, DVD. Each of these media has its own properties like speed, capacity, data transfer rate and data access methods.
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*Operating System provides an interface to create the backup of file system.
In case of distributed systems which are a collection of processors that do not share memory, peripheral devices, or a clock, operating system manages communications between processes. Multiple processes with one another through communication lines in the network.
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*Communication may be implemented by two methods either by Shared Memory or by Message Passing.
Error can occur anytime and anywhere. Error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to error handling.
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*OS takes the appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.
In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job.▼
▲In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to resource management.
*OS manages all kind of resources using schedulers.
*CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU.
* Protection
Considering a computer systems having multiple users the concurrent execution of multiple processes, then the various processes must be protected from each another's activities.
Protection refers to mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer systems. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to protection.
*OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
*OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access attempts.
*OS provides authentication feature for each user by means of a password.
== See also ==
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