Utente:Drow/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 11:22, 17 apr 2014

Versione delle 11:31, 17 apr 2014

Riga 26:

Research has examined animal cognition in [[mammals]] (especially [[primate intelligence|primates]], [[Cetacean intelligence|cetaceans]], [[elephant intelligence|elephants]], [[Dog intelligence|dogs]], [[Cat intelligence|cats]], [[horse]]s,<ref name=Krueger_heinze_2008>{{cite journal|author=Krueger, K. and Heinze, J.|year=2008|title=Horse sense: social status of horses (Equus caballus) affects their likelihood of copying other horses` behavior|journal=Animal Cognition|volume=11|issue=3|pages=431–439|DOI=10.1007/s10071-007-0133-0|url=http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/19384/3/Krueger_Heinze_2007_Horse_sense.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Krueger_farmer_heinze_2008>{{cite journal|author=Krueger, K., Farmer, K. and Heinze, J.|year=2013|title=The effects of age, rank and neophobia on social learning in horses|journal=Animal Cognition|volume=|pages=|url=http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/29424/1/Krueger_2013.pdf}}</ref> [[raccoons]] and [[rodents]]), [[bird intelligence|birds]] (including [[Parrots#Intelligence and learning|parrots]], [[Corvidae#Intelligence|corvids]] and [[Pigeon intelligence|pigeons]]), [[reptiles]] ([[Monitor lizard#Intelligence|lizards]] and [[snakes]]), [[fish]] and [[invertebrates]] (including [[cephalopod intelligence|cephalopods]], [[Pain in invertebrates#Cognitive abilities|spiders]] and [[Pain in invertebrates#Cognitive abilities|insects]]).<ref name ="Shettleworth" />

== HistoricalAntefatti backgroundstorici ==

{{ethology}}

=== La cognizione animale dagli annedoti al laboratorio ===

=== Animal cognition from anecdote to laboratory ===

Il comportamento degli animali non umani ha catturato l'immaginazione umana dall'antichità , e nel corso dei secoli, molti scrittori hanno speculato sulla mente degli animali , o la sua assenza , come [ [ Cartesio ] ] l'avrebbe .

The behavior of non-human animals has captivated human imagination from antiquity, and over the centuries many writers have speculated about the animal mind, or its absence, as [[Descartes]] would have it.<ref>Descartes, R. (1649), ''Passions of the Soul''</ref> Speculation about animal intelligence gradually yielded to scientific study after [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] placed humans and animals on a continuum, although Darwin’s largely anecdotal approach to the topic would not pass scientific muster later on.<ref>Darwin, C. 1871, ''The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex''</ref> Unsatisfied with the anecdotal method of Darwin and his protégé J. G. Romanes,<ref>Romanes, J. G. 1883, ''Animal Intelligence''</ref> [[E. L. Thorndike]] brought animal behavior into the laboratory for objective scrutiny. Thorndike’s careful observations of the escape of cats, dogs, and chicks from puzzle boxes led him to conclude that intelligent behavior may be compounded of simple associations and that inference to animal reason, insight, or consciousness is unnecessary and misleading.<ref>Thorndike, E. L. 1911, ''Animal intelligence''.</ref> At about the same time, [[I. P. Pavlov]] began his seminal studies of conditioned reflexes in dogs. Pavlov quickly abandoned attempts to infer canine mental processes; such attempts, he said, led only to disagreement and confusion. He was, however, willing to propose unseen physiological processes that might explain his observations.<ref>Pavlov, I.P. 1928, ''Lectures on conditioned reflexes''</ref>

The behavior of non-human animals has captivated human imagination from antiquity, and over the centuries many writers have speculated about the animal mind, or its absence, as [[Descartes]] would have it.<ref>Descartes, R. (1649), ''Passions of the Soul''</ref>

La speculazione su intelligenza animale gradualmente ceduto allo studio scientifico dopo [ [ Charles Darwin | Darwin ] ] gli esseri umani e gli animali immessi in un continuum , anche se l'approccio in gran parte aneddotica di Darwin per l'argomento non sarebbe passata adunata scientifico in seguito.

Speculation about animal intelligence gradually yielded to scientific study after [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] placed humans and animals on a continuum, although Darwin’s largely anecdotal approach to the topic would not pass scientific muster later on.<ref>Darwin, C. 1871, ''The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex''</ref> Insoddisfatto con il metodo aneddotica di Darwin e suo protetto JG Romanes , Unsatisfied with the anecdotal method of Darwin and his protégé J. G. Romanes,<ref>Romanes, J. G. 1883, ''Animal Intelligence''</ref>

[ [ E. L. Thorndike ] ] portato il comportamento degli animali in laboratorio per l'esame obiettivo. Attente osservazioni di Thorndike della fuga di gatti , cani e pulcini di scatole di puzzle lo hanno portato a concludere che il comportamento intelligente può essere aggravato di associazioni semplici e che l'inferenza alla ragione degli animali , intuizione , o la coscienza è inutile e fuorviante .

[[E. L. Thorndike]] brought animal behavior into the laboratory for objective scrutiny. Thorndike’s careful observations of the escape of cats, dogs, and chicks from puzzle boxes led him to conclude that intelligent behavior may be compounded of simple associations and that inference to animal reason, insight, or consciousness is unnecessary and misleading.<ref>Thorndike, E. L. 1911, ''Animal intelligence''.</ref>

All'incirca nello stesso tempo , [ [ I. P. Pavlov ] ] iniziò i suoi studi seminali di riflessi condizionati nei cani . Pavlov presto abbandonato i tentativi di dedurre processi mentali canine ; tali tentativi , ha detto, hanno portato solo a disaccordo e confusione. Era, però , disposti a proporre processi fisiologici invisibili che potrebbero spiegare le sue osservazioni .

At about the same time, [[I. P. Pavlov]] began his seminal studies of conditioned reflexes in dogs. Pavlov quickly abandoned attempts to infer canine mental processes; such attempts, he said, led only to disagreement and confusion. He was, however, willing to propose unseen physiological processes that might explain his observations.<ref>Pavlov, I.P. 1928, ''Lectures on conditioned reflexes''</ref>

=== The behavioristic half-century ===