Dynamic theory of gravity: Difference between revisions

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'''This is a [[Wikipedia:List of controversial issues|controversial]] topic''' which has been hotly [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|disputed]] on the [[Talk:Dynamic theory of gravity|talk page]].<br>

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The '''Dynamic Theory of Gravity''' is a unified field theory developed by [[Nikola Tesla]] in the late [[1930]]s. The theory explains the relation between gravitation and electromagnetic force by unifying all the fundamental forces and particle responses into a single theoretical framework.

The '''dynamic theory of gravity''' was an alleged [[unified field theory]] which, late in life, the distinguished inventor [[Nikola Tesla]] claimed to have constructed. According to a 1937 press statement by Tesla, he had succeeded in unifying [[gravity]] and [[electromagnetism]].

==Introduction==

Tesla's proposition that gravity is a field effect is being given more serious consideration by researchers though the theory, due to its unavailability, is generally ignored by modern-day physics. At the time of his announcement, his critique on Einstein's work was considered by the scientific establishment to exceed the bounds of reason. While this theory is disputed by some or simply ignored by others, it does not change the clear indication of the resurfacing of many supposedly "''new''" ether based theories by current scientists. Initially developed between [[1892]] and [[1894]] during the period in which he was conducting experiments with high frequency and high potential currents and electromagnetism, it was subsequently never officially published. Though these principles guided his future research and experiments, Tesla did not announce his theory until near the end of his life after he had been disillusioned by the war efforts. The ''Dynamic Theory of Gravity'' neither appears nor is mentioned anywhere in standard Tesla informative sites and reportedly, is still classified and unavailable under the FOIA.

Since Tesla never published his own theory, and since no notes describing it in detail seem to be extant, it is impossible to say much with certainty about it. Even the claims allegedly made by Tesla himself before his death, as described below, appear difficult to [[WP:V|verify]]. Tesla's apparently unverifiable claims concerning his own work cannot be said to constitute a contribution to [[theoretical physics]], but they nonetheless remain of absorbing interest to a minority.

==Dynamic theory of gravity==

Tesla published a prepared statement on his 81st birthday ([[July 10]], [[1937]]) critiquing [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[theory of relativity]]. The following is a portion of that statement:

==Earlier Work==

In his [[1891]] public lecture on the structure of the [[Luminiferous aether|aether]] and [[electromagnetism]], given at a time when the since discredited notion of the ''luminiferous aether'' was still scientifically respectable, Tesla claimed that there exists ''an infinitesimal world, with molecules and their atoms spinning and moving in orbits, in much the same manner as celestial bodies carrying with them static charges''. Tesla further claimed that ''carriers'' exist transmitting ''"tensions or electrostatic strains"''.

<blockquote>

"''... Supposing that the bodies act upon the surrounding space causing curving of the same, it appears to my simple mind that the curved spaces must react on the bodies, and producing the opposite effects, straightening out the curves. Since action and reaction are coexistent, it follows that the supposed curvature of space is entirely impossible - But even if it existed it would not explain the motions of the bodies as observed. Only the existence of a field of force can account for the motions of the bodies as observed, and its assumption dispenses with space curvature. All literature on this subject is futile and destined to oblivion. So are all attempts to explain the workings of the universe without recognizing the existence of the ether and the indispensable function it plays in the phenomena.''"<br>

"''My second discovery was of a physical truth of the greatest importance. As I have searched the entire scientific records in more than a half dozen languages for a long time without finding the least anticipation, I consider myself the original discoverer of this truth, which can be expressed by the statement: There is no energy in matter other than that received from the environment.''" &mdash; Nikola Tesla

</blockquote>

Tesla conducted numerous electromagnetic experiments and patented several devices in the period from [[1892]] to [[1894]]. Apparently he may have begun working on his unified field theory at this time. Tesla later claimed to have completed his theory by the late [[1930s]].

While this statement asserted that Tesla had "''worked out a dynamic theory of gravity''" that he soon hoped to give to the world, he reportedly died before he publicized the details. There is still a halo of mystery around his death - even the exact date is not certain. It is speculated that his death may have been caused by too much "pressure" by agents in order to extract and obtain the secret documents regarding this theory.

==Tesla's description of his theory==

Unfortunately few details were publicly revealed by Tesla about his theory. Available details argument against space being curved by gravitational effects, which leads some to believe Tesla failed to understand Einstein's theory, which isn't about curved '''space''' but curved '''space-time'''. However, there is disagreement about Tesla's exact understanding of Einstein's theories; Tesla was actively conducting tangible experiments during the time of Einstein's theoretical research. He underlined that time was a mere man-made reference used for convenience and as such the idea of a "''curved space-time''" was delusional, hence there was no basis for the Relativistic "space-time" binomium concept.

Tesla announced his theory in an unconventional manner. On his 81st birthday ([[July 10]], [[1937]]), he issued a news release asserting that he had "worked out a dynamic theory of gravity" that he soon hoped to give to the world. This statement allegedly read, in part:

===Tesla's aether concept===

The theory refers to an aether, but Tesla's aether is ''not'' analogous to classical aether theories. Tesla's aether is in fact a medium, "''a perfect fluid''" that wets everything in which are immersed "''independent carriers''". It behaves as a solid to light (high frequency) and is transparent to matter, while it's effects can be felt through inertia. Tesla demonstrated how this aether could be "''polarized''" and made "rigid" through a particular high frequency alternator and single terminal coil (ex. 1892 lecture in London) and 2 metal plates which he "''suspended''" in the air making the space between them rigid "privately" on one another (''ed''. the [[wikipedia:tesla effect|tesla effect]]). In 1894, Tesla invented a special bulb (which was the ultimate result of his research in vacuum tubes; the unipolar "''targetless''" bulb) which augmented this technology to create "''tubes of force''" which could be used for motive power (what Tesla later cited as "''veritable ropes of air''").

: [The Dynamic theory of gravity] ''... explains the causes and motions of heavenly bodies under its influence so satisfactory that it will put to an end idle speculation and false conception, as that of curved space ... '

==Theory structure==

:''Only the existence of a [[force field|field of force]] can account for the motions of the bodies as observed, and its assumption dispenses with space curvature. All literature on this subject is futile and destined to oblivion. So are all attempts to explain the workings of the universe without recognizing the existence of the ether and the indispensable function it plays in the phenomena ...''

Tesla said he had fully developed his Dynamic Theory of Gravity and "''worked it out in all the details''". This aether-based theory, which initially was developed between [[1893]]-[[1894]], explained gravity and directly linked it to electromagnetic phenomena, explaining also that the sun and all stars emit "''primary solar rays''" which in turn produce secondary radiations. Tesla's theory states that the phenomena produced by electromagnetic forces is the most important phenomenon in the universe. According to portions from his theory, mechanical motions are universally a result of electromagnetic force acting upon and through media. Unfortunately, no mathematical details of the theory have officially surfaced.

:''There is no energy in matter other than that [[radiant energy|received from the environment]]... It applies rigorously to molecules and atoms as well as the largest heavenly bodies, and to all matter in the universe in any phase of its existence from it: very formation to its ultimate disintegration.''

===Non-[[Hertz]]ian waves===

: ''Before the [[electron]] theory was advanced, I had established that [[radiation|radioactive ray]]s consisted of [[Elementary particle|particle]]s of primary matter not further decomposable...''

It is reported that Tesla's concept of "''electromagnetic momentum''" appears to have been gleamed from Maxwell's original work. Tesla was familiar with the quaternion notation in Maxwell's work and often referred to Maxwell's books. Tesla also conveyed the notion of J. Zenneck's longitudal ground wave as the non-Hertzian wave he was talking about. These are now known today in microwave field theory as "surface waves". Tesla calls attention to a "''field of force''" being indispensable for explaining the movements of astronomical objects (a concept that fields model the phenomenon more precisely). Heaviside himself offered "[http://www.as.wvu.edu/coll03/phys/www/Heavisid.htm a gravitational and electromagnetic analogy]" (The Electrician, 1893). Others have continued this line of work. Oleg D. Jefimenko wrote the book "Causality, electromagnetic induction, and gravitation : a different approach to the theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields" (Star City [West Virginia] : Electret Scientific Co., c1992. ISBN 0917406095 ).

: ''... The [[kinetic energy|kinetic]] and [[potential energy]] of a body is the result of [[motion (physics)|motion]] and determined by the [[Product (mathematics)|product]] of its [[mass]] and the [[Square (algebra)|square]] of [[velocity]]. Let the mass be reduced, the energy is diminished in the same proportion. If it be reduced to zero the energy is likewise zero for any finite velocity. In other words, it is absolutely impossible to convert mass into energy. It would be different if there were forces in nature capable of imparting to a mass infinite velocity. Then the product of zero mass with the square of infinite velocity would represent infinite energy. But we know that there are no such forces and the idea that mass is convertible into energy is rank nonsense.''<small>^[1]</small>

===Components===

Tesla electromagnetics are composed of potentials and their corresponding motion. This potential's motion causes in the surrounding medium an equivalent and opposite effect (determining the positive and negative character of the medium). Some elements of the theory may include:

Tesla allegedly said that his theory explained [[gravitation]] as a mixture of [[transverse wave|transverse]] and [[longitudinal wave|longitudinal]] electromagnetic waves.

* All ponderable bodies are constantly in motion in through space.

** Absence of a medium would result in no electromagnetic forces (the space-vacuum fabric is a medium, the aether (the ultimate medium))

** Ponderable bodies and other media filling space all possess a dielectric level.

** Motion through space produces the "illusion of time".

** Mechanical effects are produced by electromagnetic forces acting through media (i.e., momentum and inertia is electromagnetic in nature; Energy is force over time)

** A media exposed to resonant vibrations of electromagnetic force interact.

* Electromagnetic energy fills all space (referred to as radiant energy).

** Electromagnetic force is a phenomenon produced through the medium in space (eg., the result of the medium acting upon ponderable matter).

** Modulating Wideband frequencies of electromagnetic phenomenon permeate through all media (akin to spread spectrums).

** Self-regenerative hetrodyning electromagnetic fields condense through the medium in space.

** Electromagnetic potentials arrange themselves in groups according to the medium's polarization and the medium's dielectric resistance.

** Electromagnetic fields interact and produce rotating fields.

** Electromagnetic entropy returns energy to potentials.

** Electromagnetic potentials of high frequency produce: [a] lower environmental interaction, [b] uniform movement without rotation through space-time, and [c] electromagnetic saturation [i.e., plasmas]

** Stationary low frequency electromagnetics behave as waves.

* Medium's electromagnetic fields creates attractive forces from negative polarity [or what is commonly referred to as "''gravity''"].

For comparison, in the language of mainstream physics, [[electromagnetic wave]]s as treated in [[Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism]] are said to be ''spin-one'' and ''purely transverse'', while in [[general relativity]], [[gravitational wave]]s are said to be ''spin-two'' and ''purely transverse''. Thus, in Maxwell's theory there are no longitudinal electromagnetic waves, while in general relativity, despite some useful formal similarities, gravitational radiation is distinct from electromagnetic radiation. Also, while in Maxwell's theory, the effects of the electromagnetic field on charged test particles is treated by the [[Lorentz force law]], in general relativity, the effects of the gravitational field on test particles is treated very differently: the kinematical history of a test particle is represented by a [[timelike]] [[geodesic]] in a [[Lorentzian manifold]], while, roughly speaking, the kinematical history of a photon is represented by a [[null geodesic]].

Tesla '''never''' referred to "''space-time''" directly, referring instead to the concept of the "primary substance". He also never used this relativistic "''twin''" term. He considered time as a mere man-made "''measure''" of the rate at which events occur such as a distance travelled (in miles or kms) in a certain period of time, for a frame of reference. He considered the "''curving''" of space to be absurd (putting it in gentle terms) saying that if a moving body curved space the "''equal and opposite''" reaction of space on the body would "''straighten space back out''".

==Tesla's views on special and general relativity==

==Contrasts and knowledge==

Tesla's theory put him in direct contrast with the re-emerging Relativity theory, which is that energy does not directly originate from matter or vice versa, but that matter behaves as a medium for forces to act upon or to act through, and that without matter there is no Energy (nor Force) and vice versa (he said a body without force is like a body without a mind).

Tesla was an outspoken critic of [[relativity theory]], vehemently rejecting the notion that energy could be obtained from "conversion" of rest mass long after mainstream physicists had accepted this.

All this energy (sometimes viewed as "''Zero Point Energy''") comes from the environment (through aether or the "medium") and reverts back to the environment giving life to matter, forming a "closed circuit" through one way or the other (being "''accessed''" more efficiently or less based on the methodology). It is omnipresent, day or night, and is "re-emitted" by every star in our universe naturally including our sun. Tesla knew every "''ponderable body''" had an electrical content, and as such, proportionally interacted with the surrounding aether. The earth is like a charged sphere hurling through space (thus a current, hence magnetic field), around the sun powered by it's primary rays (and giant electric currents along "frozen magnetic lines of force", according to the works of [http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/people/alfven.html Hannes Alfven] mentioned in Lehrner's "The Big Bang Never Happened" ISBN 067974049X ).

In a popular article published in [[1934]], Tesla (perhaps anticipating modern complaints concerning [[string theory]]) charged physicists with substituting mathematical speculation for experiments, and expressed the fear that the result would be theories bearing no relation to physical reality.<small>^[4]</small>

The observed effects of solar flares through earth's magnetic field, and auroras at the poles, also manifest themselves through high voltage distribution overloads in certain areas due to these high energy/radiation "bursts". As the Earth rotates and revolves around the sun at great speed, a portion of the aether is polarized (is "rigidified" by "rapidly varying electrostatic forces" emitted by the Earth) and carried along by the electric field of the Earth which decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the Earth. Tesla measured these electrostatic emissions with a particular partially evacuated tube which he could orient as desired and watch the wave patterns change shape.

In his 1937 press statement, Tesla criticized the notion of [[curved spacetime]], saying in part:

Here come into play the "''tubes of force''" (Faraday, Lord Kelvin, Maxwell, J.J. Thomson) that - due to independent charge ratio depending on density and electrical content - are absorbed by bodies and impart a ''downward'' momentum (thus "''gravity''" is a downward push, not a pull) creating the sensation of a "''gravity field''". It is the interaction between the electrical content of every "''dynamic''" body with aether carriers (comprising tubes of force) that results in momentum being imparted to a body (an electromagnetic to mechanical interconversion). It is an endless "circuit loop" that continuously keeps everything in motion in our universe (Tesla's "Wheelwork of Nature") which if understood can give the ability to achieve "''any desired result''".

":''... Supposing that the bodies act upon the surrounding space causing curving of the same, it appears to my simple mind that the curved spaces must react on the bodies, and producing the opposite effects, straightening out the curves. Since action and reaction are coexistent, it follows that the supposed curvature of space is entirely impossible - But even if it existed it would not explain the motions of the bodies as observed. Only the existence of a field of force can account for the[[Celestial mechanics|motions of the bodies]], as observed, and its assumption dispenses with space curvature. All literature on this subject is futile and destined to oblivion. So are all attempts to explain the workings of the universe without recognizing the existence of the ether and the indispensable function it plays in the phenomena.''" <small>^[1]<br/small>

This "''carrier exchange''" is constant, but can be artificially manipulated using high voltage direct current brush and appropriate high voltage high frequency alternating current potentials in order to block or reduce it. Every moving body in our universe transverses this omni-directional radiation and interacts with the aether since all media have electrical content. The important fact is that the aether can convert the weaker, mechanical force, to the much stronger electromagnetic one. This holds the key to increasing "''work''" over a period of time. This exchange is constantly occurring in our universe and is it's unlimited "''prime mover''".

This statement appears to reflect several misconceptions concerning [[Albert Einstein]]'s theory of gravitation:

===Einstein and relativity===

*In general relativity, it is ''spacetime'' which is curved by a gravitational field, not ''space''.

*General relativity does give a self-consistent description of the motion of celestial bodies.

*Also in 1937, Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffman argued that description in terms of geodesics of the motion of massive objects immersed in a gravitation field follows from the [[Einstein field equation]] of general relativity. To be fair, these arguments are not easy, and physicists to this day continue to try to improve them. However, they are generally regarded as essentially correct and can be supported.

All in all, Tesla's 1937 announcement appears to have made little or no impression upon contemporary physicists, perhaps because his statement appears to have been too vague to guess very much about the nature of his alleged theory, and appears to have been couched in language which was already receding into the distant past.

As an alternative to Einstein's general relativity, the Dynamic Theory of Gravity explained the fields of gravity through electrodynamics. Tesla stated that there was no energy in matter other than that received from its environment: he did not accept the mass-energy equivalence ''as'' delineated by special relativity. Tesla rejected this concept from Einstein, as the special relativity theory's principles ignored gravitional effects. Aether is the "''ultimate''" medium (Tesla often interchanged the term "''medium''" with "''aether''") - being a perfect fluid and transporting independent carriers. Tesla said that electromagnetic radiation was propagated, like sound waves in the ether.

Extensive experimental testing of general relativity did not begin until about [[1960]]; furthermore, essential theoretical features of general relativity were not well understood until about this time. (See [[Golden age of general relativity]] for more information about events in the period 1960-1975 which firmly established general relativity as our gold standard theory of gravitation.) Therefore, in 1937 general relativity was not quite so solid an experimental footing as it is today. Nonetheless, by 1937, most astronomers and physicists had long accepted that general relativity gives an accurate description of solar system dynamics to within the accuracy of observation and experiment. Tesla's murky description of his unified field theory could perhaps have been described as ''fringe science'' in 1937. Today it could only be described as ''not even wrong''.

== See also ==