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Warm-plateau (talk | contribs) Added section "Comparison with GOMS" |
Warm-plateau (talk | contribs) Added section "Advantages" |
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== Comparison with GOMS ==
The KLM is based on the keystroke level, which belongs to the family of [[GOMS]] models.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Newell|first3=Allen|title=The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction|date=1983|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates Inc|___location=Hillsdale|isbn=0898592437|pages=161-166|ref=15}}</ref> The KLM and the GOMS models have in common that they only predict behaviour of experts without errors, but in contrast the KLM needs a specified method to predict the time because it does not predict the method like GOMS.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Newell|first3=Allen|title=The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction|date=1983|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates Inc|___location=Hillsdale|isbn=0898592437|pages=260|ref=16}}</ref> Therefore, the KLM has no goals and method selection rules, which in turn makes it easier to use <ref name="klm-book-goms">{{cite book|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Newell|first3=Allen|title=The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction|date=1983|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates Inc|___location=Hillsdale|isbn=0898592437|pages=269|ref=17}}</ref>. The KLM resembles the model K1 from the family of GOMS models the most because both are at the keystroke level and possess a generic M operator. The difference is that the M operator of the KLM is more aggregated and thus larger (1.35 seconds vs. 0.62 seconds), which makes its mental operator more similar to the CHOOSE operations of the model K2.<ref name="klm-book-goms" /> All in all, the KLM represents the practical use of the GOMS keystroke level.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Newell|first3=Allen|title=The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction|date=1983|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates Inc|___location=Hillsdale|isbn=0898592437|pages=264|ref=18}}</ref>
== Advantages ==
The KLM was designed to be a quick and easy to use system design tool, which means that no deep knowledge about [[psychology]] is required for its usage.<ref name="klm-paper-advantages">{{cite journal|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Newell|first3=Allen|title=The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=1980|volume=23|issue=7|pages=409|doi=10.1145/358886.358895|ref=19}}</ref> Also, task times can be predicted (given the [[#Limitations|limitations]]) without having to build a [[prototype]], recruit and test users, which saves time and money.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sauro|first1=Jeff|editor1-last=Jacko|editor1-first=Julie A|title=Estimating productivity: Composite operators for keystroke level modeling|journal=Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference (LNCS)|date=2009|volume=5610|page=352|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02574-7_40|ref=20|publisher=Springer-Verlag|___location=Berlin Heidelberg}}</ref> See the [[#Example|example]] for a practical use of the KLM as a system design tool.
==Example Calculation==
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