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==Purification==
Single-chain variable fragments lack the constant [[Fc region]] found in complete antibody molecules, and, thus, the common binding sites (e.g., [[Protein G]]) cannot be used to purify antibodies. These fragments can often be purified or immobilized using [[Protein L]], since Protein L interacts with the variable region of kappa light chains. More commonly, scientists incorporate a six histidine tag on the c-terminus of the scFv molecule and purify them using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). For unknown reasons, some scFv can also be captured by [[Protein A]].
==Bivalent and trivalent scFvs==
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