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The '''levels-of-processing effect''' was first identified by [[Fergus I. M. Craik]] and Lockhart<!-- Please cite that publication. The Craik is Fergus I. M. Craik.
The fundamental concept of the levels-of-processing effect, is that different methods of encoding information into [[memory]] have different levels of effectiveness, either in their actual writing in, or in their reading back ([[recall]]) from memory.
The test used to illustrate their [[hypothesis]] showed, roughly speaking, that:
# Those that hear a passage of text can recall parts of it (audible [[input]])
# Those that read a passage of text can recall most of it (visual input)
# Those that write down the text can recall most if not all of it, even with the written form taken away (audible or visual input plus physical output)
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