Problem solving environment: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 05:29, 4 November 2015

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A '''problem solving environment''' (PSE) is a completed, integrated and specialised computer software for solving one class of problems, combining automated problem-solving methods with human-oriented tools for guiding the problem resolution. A PSE may also assist users in formulating problem resolution. A PSE may also assist users in formulating problems, selecting algorithm, simulating numerical value and viewing and analysing results. Naren Ramakrishnan Arlington, VA, who is in charge of the reserach for PSEs in the company Virginia Tech.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://research.cs.vt.edu/pse/index.html|title = Problem Solving Environments Research|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = Virginia Tech|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.cs.vt.edu/node/736|title = Problem solving Environments|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = Virginia Tech Department of computer science|last = |first = }}</ref>

== Purpose of PSE ==

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The Problem Solving Environment (PSE) released a few years after the release of Fortran and Algol 60, people thought that this system with high-level language would cause elimination of professional programmers. However, surprisingly, PSE has been accepted and even though scientists used it to write programs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/pdf/pse-crpc-596.pdf|title = Problem Solving Environments for Parallel Scientific Computation|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = University of Tenn./Oak Ridge National Lab|last = Jack Dongarra|first = }}</ref>

The Problem Solving Environment for Parallel Scientific Computation was introduced in 1960, where this was the first Organised Collection was introduced in 1960, where this was the first Organised Collections with minor standardisation.<ref name=":0" /> In 1970, PSE was initially researched for providing high-class programming language rather than Fortran,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.noveltyjournals.com/journal/IJNRES/Issue-1-March-2015-August-2015/0|title = Minimizing Error in Scientific Numerical Computation|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science|last = Ibrahim Umar Haruna|first = }}</ref> also Libraries Plotting Packages advent. Development of Libraries were continued, and there were introduction of Emergence of Computational Packages and Graphical systems which is data visualisation. By 1990s, Hypertext, Point and Click had moved towards inter-operability. Moving on, a "Software Parts" Industry finally existed.<ref name=":0" />

Throughout a few decades, recently, many PSEs have been developed and to solve problem and also support users from different categories, including education, general programming, CSE software learning, job executing and Grid/Cloud computing.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://www.aicit.org/dl/citation.html?id=JCIT-168|title = Review of PSE (Problem Solving Environment) Study|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, Utsunomiya University|last = Shigeo Kawata|first = }}</ref>

== Examples of PSE ==

=== Grid-Based Numerical Optimisation ===

The shell software GOSPEL is an example of how a PSE can be designed for EHL modelling using a Grid resource. With the PSe, one can visualise the optimisation progress, as well as interact with other simulations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url = http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pkj/Papers/Conf-O/GBJS03.pdf|title = Grid-Based Numerical Optimisation in a Problem Solving Environment|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = The University of Leeds|last = C.E. Goodyer, M. Berzins, P.K. Jimack and L.E. Scales|first = }}</ref>

The PSE parallelise and embed many individual numerical calculations in an individual numerical calculations in an industrial serial optimisation code. It is built in NAG's IRIS Explorer package to solve EHL and Parallelism problems and can use the gViz libraries, to run all the communication between the PSE and the simulation. Also use MPI, which is part of the NAG libraries, gives significant quick and better solution by combining the max. levels of continuation.<ref name=":3" />

Moreover, the system is designed to allow users to steer simulations using visualised output. An example is utilising local minima, or layering additional details when around a local in and out of the simulation and it can imagine the information which is produced in any sharp and also still allow to steer the simulation.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/vis/kwb/e-science/paper098.pdf|title = A Distributed Co-operative Problem Solving Environment|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = The University of Leeds|last = Mark Walkley, Jason Wood, and Ken Brodlie|first = }}</ref>

=== Grid-based PSEs for mobile devices ===

PSEs are require a large amount of resources that strain even the most powerful computers of today. Translating PSEs into software that can be used for mobile devices in an important challenge that faces programmers today.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.6377&rep=rep1&type=pdf|title = Modeling a Grid-Based Problem-Solving Environment for Mobile Devices|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = Columbus State University|last = Stan Kurkovsky, Bhagyavati, Arris Ray|first = }}</ref>

Grid computing is seen as a solution to the rescue issues of PSEs for mobile devices. This is made possible through a "Brokering Service". This service is started by an initiating device that sends the necessary information for PSE to resolve task. The brokering service then breaks this down into subtasks that distributes the information to various subordinate devices that perform these subtasks. <ref name=":4" /> The brokering necessitates an Active Agent Repository (AAR) and a Task Allocation Table (TAT) that both work to manage the subtasks. A keep-Alive Server is tapped to handle communication between the brokering service and the subordinate devices. The Keep-Alive server relies on a lightweight client application installed in the participating mobile devices.

Security, transparency and dependability are issues that may arise when using the grid for mobile device-based PSEs.<ref name=":4" />

=== Education Support ===

There are a revolution for network-based learning and e-learning for education but it is very difficult to collect education data and data of the student activities. TSUNA-TASTE, is developed by T. Teramoto, a PSE to support education and learning processes. This system may create a new idea of the e-learning by supporting teachers and students in computer-related education. It consists of four parts, including agents of students, an education support server, a database system and a Web server. This system makes e-learning more convenient as information is earlier to store and collect for students and teachers.<ref name=":2" />

=== P-NCAS ===

A computer-assisted parallel program generation support(P-NCAS), is a PSE, creates a new way to reduce the programming hard task for the computer programming. This program can avoid or reduce the chance that huge computer software breaking down so this restrict uncertainty and major accidents in the society. Moreover, partial differential equations(PDEs) problems can be solved by parallel programs which are generated by P-NCAS supports. P-NCAS employs the Single Program Multi Data (SPMD) and uses a decomposition method for the parallelisation. These enable users of P-NCAS to input problems described by PDES, algorithm and discretisation scheme etc, and to view and edit all details through the visualisation and windows for edition. At last, parallel program will be outputted in C language by P-NCAS and also include documents which show everything has inputted in the beginning.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.04501.pdf|title = Modeling a Grid-Based Problem-Solving Environment for Mobile Devices|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = Columbus State University|last = Stan Kurkovsky, Bhagyavati, Arris Ray|first = }}</ref>

== Future Improvement ==

Firstly, it was difficult doing 2-D EHL problems because of the expense and computer power available. The development of parallel 2-D EHL codes and faster computers have now paved the way for 2-D EHL problem solving to be possible. Friction and lubricant data need a higher level of security given their sensitivity. Accounting for simulations may be difficult because these are done in rapidly and in the thousands. This can be solved by a registration system or a 'directory'. Collaborative PSEs with multiple users will encounter difficulties tracking changes, especially which specific changes were made and when those changes were made. This may also be solved with a directory of changes made.<ref name=":3" />

Secondly, future improvement of the Grid-based PSEs for mobile devices, the group aims to generate new scenarios through manipulation of the control variables available. By changing those control variables, the simulation software is able to create scenarios from each other, allowing for more scrutiny of the conditions in each scenario. It is expected that manipulation of three variables will generate twelve different scenarios.<ref name=":4" />

The variables that we are interested in studying are network stability and device mobility. We feel that these variables will hater the greatest impact on grid performance. Our study will measure performance using task completion time as the primary outcome.<ref name=":4" />

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PSE Park provides these through its repository of functions. the repository contains modules required to build PSEs. Some of the most basic modules, called Cores, are used as the foundation of PSEs. More complex modules are available for use by programmers. Users access PSE Park through a console linked to the programmers. Once the user is register, he/she has assess to the repository. A PIPE server is used as the mediator between the user and PSE Park. It grants access to modules and constructs the selected functions into a PSE.<ref name=":5" />

Developers can developers can develop functions, or even whole PSEs, for inclusion into the repository. Entry-level and expert users can access these pre-made PSEs for their own purposes. Given this architecture, PSE Park requires a cloud computing environment to support the enormous data sharing that occurs during PSe use use and development.<ref name=":5" />

=== The PIPE Server ===

The PIPE Server differs from other servers in terms of how it handles intermediate results. Since the PIPE Server acts as a mediator in a meta-PSE, any results or variables generated by a core module are retrieved as global variables to be used by the next core. The sequence or hierarchy is defined by the user. The way, same name variables are revised to the new set of variables.<ref name=":5" />

Another important characteristics of the PIPE Server is that it executes each module or core independently. This means that the language of each module does not have to be the same as the others in the PSE. Modules are implemented depending on the defined hierarchy. This feature brings enormous flexibility for developers and users who have varied backgrounds in programming. The modular format also enables that existing PSEs can be extended and modified easily.<ref name=":5" />

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=== Registration Engine and Console ===

The registration engine keeps track of all cores that may be used in PSE Park. A history of use is also created. A core map may be developed in order to help users understand a core to help users understand a core or module better. The console is the users' main interface with PSE Park. It is highly visual and diagrammatic, allowing users to better understand the linkages between between modules and cores for the PSEs that they are working on.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==

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* [[Grid computing]]

* [[Cloud computing]]

* [[Mathematical optimization|Mathematical optimisation]][[Category:Computer systems]]

== External linklinks ==

* [http://research.cs.vt.edu/pse/ PSE research]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Computer systems]]