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Where ''C'' is the capacitance, ε<sub>0</sub> is the [[permittivity of free space]] constant, ''K'' is the [[dielectric constant]] of the material in the gap, ''A'' is the area of the plates, and ''d'' is the distance between the plates.
There are two general types of capacitive displacement sensing systems. One type is used to measure thicknesses of conductive materials. The other type measures thicknesses of non conductive materials or the level of a fluid.
A capacitive sensing system for conductive materials uses a model similar to the one described above, but in place of one of the conductive plates, is the [[sensor]], and in place of the other, is the conductive target to be measured. Since the area of the probe and target remain constant, and the [[dielectric]] of the material in the gap (usually air) also remains constant, "any change in capacitance is a result of a change in the distance between the probe and the target." <ref name="LionCapTheory">[http://www.lionprecision.com/tech-library/technotes/cap-0020-sensor-theory.html Capacitive Sensor Operation and Optimization How Capacitive Sensors Work and How to Use Them Effectively], An in depth discussion of capacitive sensor theory from Lion Precision.</ref> Therefore, the equation above can be simplified to:
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