Mixtechi: differenze tra le versioni

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[[Image:Montealbanmask.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Maschera mixteca di giada rinvenuta presso il Monte Alban, risalente tra il 1300 ed il 1350.]]

Mixtechi Civiltà Precolombiana del Meso - America

I '''Mixtechi''' sono un popolo indigeno [[Mesoamerica|mesoamericano]] che risiedono nello stato [[Messico|messicano]] dell'[[Oaxaca]]. Il loro [[Lingua mixteca|linguaggio]] rappresenta un ramo importante della famiglia linguistica [[Lingue otomangueanee|otomangueana]].

Il termine ''mixteco'' deriva dalla parola azteca ''mixtecapan'', che significa "luogo del popolo delle nuvole". L'area dove viene parlato il mixteco è nota come ''La Mixteca''.

Attualmente composta da circa 230.000 individui, dà il nome ad una vasta regione detta Mixteca .

I Mixtechi chiamano se stessi ''ñuu savi'', ''ñuu djau'', ''ñuu davi'', ''naa savi'', e così via, a seconda dei dialetti usati nella loro lingua: il ''Sa'an Davi'', il ''Da'an Davi'' e il ''Tu'un Savi''.

La lingua appartiene al gruppo Otomangue ed è la quarta del Messico .

La cultura Mixteca, fiorita tra il IX ed il XVI secolo dopo Cristo è nota per la perizia dei suoi artigiani nella lavorazione dei metalli, del legno e della ceramica .

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Dell'antico popolo dei Mixtechi resta anche un albero genealogico dei re di Mixteca risalente al settimo secolo dopo Cristo .

==Overview==

In [[pre-Columbian]] times, the Mixtec were one of the major civilizations of [[Mesoamerica]]. Important ancient centres of the Mixtec include the ancient capital of [[Tilantongo]], as well as the sites of Achiutla, Cuilapan, Huamelupan, [[Mitla]], Tlaxiaco, [[Tututepec]], Juxtlahuaca, and Yucuñudahui. The Mixtec also made major constructions at the ancient city of [[Monte Albán]] (which had originated as a [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] city before the Mixtec gained control of it). The work of Mixtec artisans who produced work in [[Rock (geology)|stone]], [[wood]], and [[metal]] were well regarded throughout ancient Mesoamerica.

The Mixtec were conquered by the [[Aztec]] Emperor [[Ahuitzotl]] about 30 years before the arrival of the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[conquistador]]es. They put up a fierce and bloody resistance to Spanish rule until they were subdued by the Spanish and their central Mexican allies led by [[Pedro de Alvarado]].

==Geography==

[[Image:Mixtecs.png|left|300px|thumb| Map showing the historic Mixtec area. Pre-Classic archeological sites are marked with a triangle , Classic site with a round dot and Post-classic sites with a square. ]]

The Mixtec area, both historically and currently, corresponds roughly to the western half of the state of [[Oaxaca (state)|Oaxaca]], with some Mixtec communities extending into the neighboring state of [[Puebla (state)|Puebla]] to the north west and also the state of Guerrero. The Mixtec people and their homelands are often subdivided into three geographic and cultural areas: The ''Mixteca Alta'' or Highland Mixtec living in the mountains in, around, and to the west of the valley of Oaxaca; the ''Mixteca Baja'' or Lowland Mixtec living to the north and west of these highlands, and the ''Mixteca de la Costa'' or Coastal Mixtec living in the southern plains and the coast of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. For most of Mixtec history the Mixteca Alta was the dominant political force, with the capitals of the Mixtec nation located in the central highlands. The valley of Oaxaca itself was often a disputed border region, sometimes dominated by the Mixtec and sometimes by the neighboring people to the east, the Zapotec.

An ancient [[Coixtlahuaca Basin]] cave site known as the [[Colossal Natural Bridge]] is an important sacred place for the Mixtec.

==Language & codices==

The [[Mixtecan languages]] (in their many variants) were estimated to be spoken by about 300,000 people at the end of the [[20th century]], although the majority of Mixtec speakers also had at least a working knowledge of the [[Spanish language]]. Some Mixtecan languages are called by names other than Mixtec, particularly [[Cuicatec]] (Cuicateco), and [[Triqui]] (or Trique).

[[Image:CodexZoucheNuttallMixtecBritishMuseum20050108_CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Codex Zouche-Nuttall, a pre-Columbian piece of Mixtec writing, now in the [[British Museum]]]] The Mixtec are well-known in the anthropological world for their Codices, or phonetic pictures in which they wrote their history and genealogies in deerskin in the "fold-book" form. The best known story of the Mixtec Codices is that of Lord [[Eight Deer Jaguar Claw|Eight Deer]], named after the day in which he was born, whose personal name is [[Eight Deer Jaguar Claw|Jaguar Claw]], and whose epic history is related in several codices, including the [[Codex Bodley]] and [[Codex Zouche-Nuttall]]. He successfully conquered and united most of the Mixteca region.

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==Collegamenti esterni ==

* [http://www.mexicodesconocido.com/english/historia/prehispanica/detalle.cfm?idpag=2078&idsub=3&idsec=1 Il mondo mixteco] (in inglese)

* [http://virtual.utm.mx/mixteca/ Mundo Mixteca - Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca] (in spagnolo)

* [http://www.sil.org/mexico/mixteca/00i-mixteca.htm Lingua mixteca] (in inglese e spagnolo)

* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/mixtec.html Come interpretare il linguaggio mixteco] (in inglese)

* [http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-13-Mixtec/WebPage-Info.00001.html Oggetti mixtechi rinvenuti nella Tomba 7 sul monte Alban]

[[Categoria:Civiltà precolombiane]]