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<math>K(\theta)</math> = the phase shift incurred by the microscope's aberrations, also known as the '''Contrast Transfer Function:'''
:<math>K(\theta) = \sin[(2\pi/\lambda)W(\theta)]</math> <br /><math>W(\theta) = -z\theta^2/2 + C_s\theta^4/4</math>
<math>\lambda</math> = the relativistic wavelength of the electron wave, <math>C_s</math> = The [[spherical aberration]] of the objective lens
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The contrast transfer function can also be given in terms of spatial frequencies, or reciprocal space. With the relationship <math display="inline">\theta =\lambda k</math>, the phase contrast transfer function becomes:
:<math>K(k) = \sin[(2\pi\lambda )W(k)]</math><br /> <math>W(k) = -z\lambda k^2/2 + C_s\lambda^3 k^4/4</math>
<math>z</math> = the defocus of the objective lens (using the convention that underfocus is positive and overfocus is negative), <math>\lambda</math> = the relativistic wavelength of the electron wave, <math>C_s</math> = The [[spherical aberration]] of the objective lens, <math>k</math> = the spatial frequency (units of m<sup>−1</sup>)
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