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The [[hippocampus]] participates in the encoding and retrieval of memories.<ref name=a /> The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe (subcortical), and is an infolding of the medial temporal cortex.<ref name=a>Gazzaniga, Michael S., Richard B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun. "Chapter 9: Memory." Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind. 4th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2014. 378-423. Print.</ref> The hippocampus plays an important role in the transfer of information from [[short-term memory]] to [[long-term memory]] during encoding and retrieval stages. These stages need not occur successively, but are, as studies indicate, broadly divided in the neuronal mechanisms they require or even in the hippocampal areas they activate. According to Gazzaniga, “encoding is the processing of incoming information that creates memory traces to be stored.”<ref name=a /> There are two steps to encoding: acquisition and consolidation. During acquisition, stimuli are committed to short term memory.<ref name=a /> Consolidation is where the hippocampus along with other cortical structures stabilize an object within long term memory, a process strengthening over time and one for which a number of theories have arisen to explain.<ref name=a /> After encoding, the hippocampus is capable of going through the retrieval process. The retrieval process consists of accessing stored information; this allows learned behaviors to experience conscious depiction and execution.<ref name=a /> Encoding and retrieval are both affected by [[neurodegenerative]] and [[anxiety disorders]] and [[epilepsy]].
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===Reconsolidation Hypothesis===
The reconsolidation hypothesis claims that objects encoded into long term memory experience a new period of consolidation, or the time and resource expended to stabilize a memory object, upon each recollection. This is in opposition to the classical consolidation hypothesis which regards consolidation as a one-time event, following the first encoding of a memory. A memory item in this hypothesis, upon reactivation, destabilizes for a brief period and thereafter invokes the neuronal processes requisite for stabilization.<ref name=d>{{cite journal | last1 = Morris | first1 = R. G. M. | last2 = Inglis | first2 = J. | last3 = Ainge | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Olverman | first4 = H. J. | last5 = Tulloch | first5 = J. | last6 = Dudai | first6 = Y. | last7 = Kelly | first7 = P. A. T. | year = 2006 | title = Memory reconsolidation: Sensitivity of spatial memory to inhibition of protein synthesis in dorsal hippocampus during encoding and retrieval | url = | journal = Neuron | volume = 50 | issue = 3| pages = 479–489 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.012 | pmid=16675401}}</ref>
The reconsolidation hypothesis has lingered since the 1960s; however, a 2000 study, entitled “Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval”, examining fear conditioning in rats, has provided evidence in its favor.<ref name=e>{{cite journal | last1 = Nader | first1 = Karim | last2 = Schafe | first2 = Glenn E. | last3 = Le Doux | first3 = Joseph E. | year = 2000 | title = Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis In The Amygdala For Reconsolidation After Retrieval | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 406 | issue = 6797| pages = 722–726 | doi = 10.1038/35021052 | pmid=10963596}}</ref> After receiving post-retrieval an intra-amygdalar infusion of a known amnesic agent, anisomycin, rats failed to recall a rapidly learned fear memory.<ref name=e /> Hippocampal lesions formed post-retrieval affected the rats' fear conditioning in a similar manner.<ref name=e />
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===Methods===
In an experiment performed by Zeineh and colleagues, ten subjects were scanned by fMRI while engaged in a face-name associative task that linked a sequence of faces unknown to the participants with the names of the individuals to whom they belonged.<ref name=j>{{cite journal | last1 = Zeineh | first1 = M | year = 2003 | title = Dynamics of the Hippocampus During Encoding and Retrieval of Face-Name Pairs | url = | journal = Science | volume = 299 | issue = 5606| pages = 577–580 | doi = 10.1126/science.1077775 | pmid=12543980}}</ref> The hippocampus is known to play a role in the encoding of memory that associates between a face and a name. The experiment began by dividing encoding blocks, in which the participants viewed and attempted to memorize the faces paired with the names, from retrieval blocks, in which the participants were shown only the faces and asked to match them with their names. This process was completed four times.<ref name=j /> Rote rehearsal was discouraged by a distractive task administered between encoding and recall blocks.<ref name=j />
===Results===
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