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* Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent [[global warming]]<ref>''International Energy Outlook 2000'', Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, [[U.S. Department of Energy]], Washington D.C. (2000)</ref>
* Irreversible loss of [[arable]] land and increases in [[desertification]]<ref>UNEP, ''Global Environmental Outlook 2000'', Earthscan Publications, London, UK (1999)</ref>
* [[Mass extinctions|Mass species extinctions]]<ref>Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, 1996, ''The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind'', Anchor, ISBN 0-385-46809-1</ref>. from reduced habitat in [[tropical forest]]s due to [[slash-and-burn]] techniques that sometimes are practiced by [[shifting cultivation|shifting cultivators]], especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations; present [[extinction]] rates may be as high as 140,000 [[species]] lost per year<ref>S.L. Pimm, G.J. Russell, J.L. Gittleman and T.M. Brooks, ''The Future of Biodiversity'', Science 269: 347-350 (1995)</ref>.
* High infant and child mortality<ref>U.S. National Research Council, Commission on the Science of Climate Change, Washington D.C. (2001)</ref>
* Increased incidence of hemorrhagic fevers, [[HIV]] and other [[infectious diseases]] from crowding, disturbance of ecological systems and scarcity of available medical resources
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